Psychology & Cognitive Science

1. Psychology & Cognitive Science • Topics • Cognitive Psychology • Perception • Learning • Memory • Communication (Language) • Cognition (thinking) • Information Processing • Problem Solving • Decision Making • Intelligence

2. Psychology & Cognitive Science • Topics • Cognitive Psychology • Perception • Learning • Memory • Communication (Language) • Cognition (thinking) • Information Processing • Problem Solving • Decision Making • Intelligence

3. Memory: Some General Issues • Nature of Forgetting • Schemas (organization of memory) • Kinds of Memory • Improving Memory • Development of Memory • Applied questions of Memory • Eyewitness testimony (false memories) • Clinical Memory Deficits (e.g. Alzheimer's)

4. Forgetting • Theoretical Issues • Organic versus Inorganic Memory • Decay Theory • Retrieval Failure Theory • Evidence

5. Decay Theory: Nature of Brains • Dynamic nature of physiology • Cell death • Synaptic changes • Long-term • Short-term • Physiological variability • Chemical turnover

8. Retrieval Failure Theory • The idea • Storage versus access • Adaptive Forgetting? • William James “in the practical use of our intellect, forgetting is as important as remembering” • Evidence

9. Cued Recall • Example experiment: • List of nouns from four categories • Recall test • Cued recall test

10. Dog Car Rose Boob Cat Bike Daisy Did Beaver Train Tulip Nun Lion Bus Violet Racecar

11. Recognition Versus Recall • Recall Test • Recognition Test • Evidence • Recall as reconstruction • False memories

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZ_OEHuA2uw

13. Context • Example • Word List learned under water or on land • Recall test under water or on land • LEARNTEST G 1 UW UW G 2 UW land G3 land UW G4 land land (G1 = G4) > (G2 = G3)

14. Organization of Memory • Input Organization

15. Organization of Memory • Input Organization List AList B boat fish airplane car car lamp fish airplane rabbit desk dog dog chair chair desk rabbit lamp boat

16. Organization of Memory • Input Organization List AList B boat fish airplanecar car lamp fish airplane rabbit desk dog dog chair chair desk rabbit lamp boat

17. Organization of Memory • Output Organization fish car lamp airplane desk dog chair rabbit boat

18. Organization of Memory • Output Organization fish, rabbit, dog car, airplane desk, lamp

19. Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B B - B B

20. Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B B - B B Proactive Interference

21. Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B A A -

22. Interference Effects Learn ILearn IITest A B A A - A Retroactive Interference

23. Improving Memory • What is to be remembered • Pictures versus words • Faces versus objects or words • Flashbulb memories • Familiarity not enough What does a penny look like?

25. Levels of Processing • G1 Count vowels • G2 Memorize • G3 Rate Pleasantness • Results: • (G3 = G2) > G1

26. Transfer Appropriate Processing • Test Item: raDio • Instructions: • G1 - Does it have a capital letter? • G2 - Does it use electricity? • Test: raDio, Cedar,dadDyG2>G1 • Test: raDio, Radio,radiOG1>G2

27. Ecological Validity • The issue • Laboratory phenomena vs. the real world • Memory Observed, UlricNeisser • Recent trends

28. Memory http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxVb6M8UPTQ