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TR AS A PROGRESSIVE.

TR AS A PROGRESSIVE. 1901 TO 1909. AMERICA IN 1901. POPULATION 0F 76 MILLION ONE OUT OF 7 WERE FOREIGN BORN BETWEEN 1900 & 1914 13 MILLION NEW IMMIGRANTS ARRIVED. THE PROGRESSIVE REFORM MOVEMENT BEGINS. TARGETS: MONOPOLIES, GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION, SOCIAL INJUSTICE,

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TR AS A PROGRESSIVE.

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  1. TR AS A PROGRESSIVE. 1901 TO 1909

  2. AMERICA IN 1901 • POPULATION 0F 76 MILLION • ONE OUT OF 7 WERE FOREIGN BORN • BETWEEN 1900 & 1914 13 MILLION NEW IMMIGRANTS ARRIVED.

  3. THE PROGRESSIVE REFORM MOVEMENT BEGINS • TARGETS: • MONOPOLIES, • GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION, • SOCIAL INJUSTICE, • CONSUMER PROTECTION, • CHILD LABOR, • SLUM CONDITIONS, AND MORE.

  4. PROGRESSIVE ASSUMPTIONS: • INDIVIDUALS ALONE ARE OVERWHELMED BY FORCES THEY CAN NOT CONTROL • “THE PEOPLE” WORKING THROUGH GOVERNMENT CAN CORRECT INJUSTICE. • PROGRESS IS POSSIBLE.

  5. PROGRESSIVE WRITERS • HENRY LLOYD DEMAREST: WEALTH AGAINST COMMONWEALTH • THORSTEIN VEBLEN: THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS • JACOB RIIS: HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES

  6. MORE… • THEODORE DREISER:AN AMERICAN TRAGEDY • WRITERS ATTACK “BLOODY CAPITALISM • JOHN SPARGO: THE BITTER CRY OF CHILDREN • MANY CALL FOR SOCIALISM

  7. TR First Modern President • “BULLY PULPIT” • REFORM • 1ST TO PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS

  8. TR THE FIRST MODERN PRESIDENT • “I CAN DO ALL IT SAYS I CAN DO IN THE CONSTITUTION, AND ANYTHING IT DOESN’T BAR ME FROM DOING.” • “STEWARDSHIP THEORY: PRESIDENT SHOULD PURSUE THE INTERESTS OF “THE PEOPLE.”

  9. TR’S SQUARE DEAL • CONTROL CORPORATIONS • CONSUMER PROTECTION • CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

  10. TR A “CONSERVATIVE REFORMER.” • “NEVER TRY THE IMPOSSIBLE.” • NEVER TOOK ON THE TARIFF ISSUE. • ATTACKED ONLY SOME TRUSTS, NOT ALL TRUSTS. • HE CHOSE HIS BATTLES CAREFULLY.

  11. TR & THE COAL STRIKE • JOHN MITCHELL LEADS STRIKE BY UNITED MINE WORKERS. • MINE OWNERS REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE THE UNION OR NEGOTIATE. • THEY EXPECT TR TO SEND TROOPS • HE REFUSES. • TR MEDIATES THE STRIKE, “JAW BONES” THE OWNERS. THREATENS TO SEIZE THE MINES.

  12. TR AS TRUST BUSTER • FIRST PRESIDENT TO USE SHERMAN ACT AGAINST A MONOPOLY. • FILE SUIT AGAINST NORTHERN SECURITIES COMPANY 1902 • SUPREME COURT IN 5 TO 4 RULES IN FAVOR OF THE GOVERNMENT.

  13. TR: GOOD AND BAD TRUSTS • IF A TRUST EXPLOITS ITS POWER IT IS BAD AND SHOULD BE BROKEN UP. • IF A TRUST IS NOT EXPLOITIVE LEAVE IT ALONE. • SUPREME COURT LATER CALLS THIS THE “RULE OF REASON.” • US STEEL IS AN EXAMPLE OF A GOOD TRUST.

  14. TR AND CONSERVATION • FIRST PRESIDENT TO SET ASIDE LAND. • NEWLANDS ACT OF 1902: FEDERAL IRRIGATION PROJECTS • NEWLANDS RECLAMATION ACT OF 1902 • MAKES CONSERVATION POPULAR • APPOINTS GIFFORD PINCHOT CHIEF FORESTER.

  15. MORE… • CALLS GOVERNORS CONFERENCE ON CONSERVATION 1908 • TR BELIEVED IN RATIONAL USE OF RESOURCES.

  16. TR AND CONSUMER PROTECTION • TR AND THE JUNGLE • PASSES PURE FOOD & DRUG ACT 1906 • MEAT INSPECTION ACT 1906

  17. TAFT TO WILSON 1908 to 1912

  18. Political Activists in Progressive Era • Jane Addams (1860-1935) ("St. Jane") • Hull House

  19. Women & Child Labor Reform • Florence Kelley • National Consumers League • Muller v. Oregon, 1906      • Triangle Shirtwaist Co. fire in 1911 killed 146 women workers, mostly girls

  20. Panic of 1907 • Wall Street suffered a short but brutal panic in 1907 • Causes: speculation and mismanagement in Wall Street banks and trust companies as well as overextension of credit caused the panic. • Business leaders assailed Roosevelt for causing the panic due to his anti-business tactics and called the financial setback the "Roosevelt Pani

  21. Election of 1908 • Taft d. Bryan 321-162 • Style • Taft lacked the fire or guts that possessed TR. • Taft became an ally of the old guard Republicans by default. • Cabinet did not contain one member of TR’s reformist wing.

  22. Taft as a Trustbuster Brought 90 suits against the trusts during his four years in office; 2X that of TR 1911, United States v. American Tobacco Company

  23. Progressive Legislation under Taft • Bureau of Minesestablished to control mineral resources -- Rescued millions of acres of western coal lands from exploitation • Mann-Elkins Act (1910) – Telegraph, telephone, & cable corporations put under ICC jurisdiction • Postal Savings Bank System (1910) – Post Office Department was authorized to receive savings deposits from individuals and pay interest of 2% per year on such deposits. -- This had been a major Populist idea.

  24. TAFT TAKES ON THE TARIFF ISSUE. • CALLS SPECIAL SESSION OF CONGRESS • House passed moderately reductive bill (with inheritance tax provision) but senatorial reactionaries tacked on hundreds of upward tariff revisions (tariff avg abut 37%) • CALLS FOR TARIFF REDUCTION • Taft’s campaign had pledge to deal with tariff issue

  25. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF INCREASE RATES ON 500 GOODS • TAFT’S DILEMMA TO VETO OR NOT TO VETO • TAFT SIGNS THE BILL • CALLS IT THE BEST BILL THE REPUBLICANS EVER PASSED. • Claimed bill "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed. • Progressive wing of Republican party, especially in Midwest, outraged. • Taft vetoed subsequent tariff bills passed by "insurgent Republicans" and Democrats.

  26. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF BEGINS A SPLIT IN THE PARTY. • CONSERVATIVE FAVOR IT • PROGRESSIVE OPPOSE IT.

  27. TAFT AND SPEAKER JOE CANNON • CANNON IS LIKE CZAR REED. • PROGRESSIVES CHALLENGE CANNON WITH GEORGE NORRIS • PROGRESSIVES EXPECT TAFT’S SUPPORT. • TAFT BACKS JOE CANNON. • Split in GOP complete when Taft deserted progressives in their attack on leading Old Guard Speaker of the House, "Uncle Joe" Cannon.

  28. PROGRESSIVES FEEL BETRAYED. • THE SPLIT IN THE REPUBLICAN PARTY GROWS. • PROGRESSIVES WONDER WHY T.R. CHOSE TAFT

  29. TAFT & CONSERVATION • TAFT PLACES MORE LAND IN RESERVE • EXPANDS THE NATIONAL PARKS • HAS A BETTER RECORD THAN T.R. • BUT GETS LITTLE CREDIT BECAUSE HE DOES IT QUIETLY

  30. BALLINGER / PINCHOT CONTROVERSY 1910 • BALLINGER SELLS FEDERAL LAND TO PRIVATE INTERESTS. • PINCHOT DENOUNCES THE SALE. • TAFT SIDES WITH BALLINGER • FIRES PINCHOT. • PROGRESSIVES ARE OUTRAGED.

  31. TAFT’S PROGRESSIVE RECORD • IS BETTER THAN T.R.’S • 90 ANTI-TRUST ACTIONS • BREAKS UP STANDARD OIL • BREAKS UP AMERICAN TOBACCO • PASSES MANN-ELKINS ACT 1910 STRENGTHENS ICC

  32. MORE… • ESTABLISHES CHILDREN BUREAU • IMPOSES SAFETY REGULATIONS FOR MINES & RAILROADS • 8 HOUR DAY FOR FEDERAL WORKERS • EXPANDS CIVIL SERVICE.

  33. TAFT’S WEAKNESS • HE WAS A POOR PUBLIC RELATIONS MAN. • LACKED TEDDY’S FLAIR. • OVERALL TAFT HAS A BETTER PROGRESSIVE RECORD THAN T.R.

  34. T.R. RETURNS FROM AFRICA 1910 • CAMPAIGNS FOR PROGRESSIVE CANDIDATES • OSAWATOMIE SPEECH AUG. 1910 • OUTLINE S “NEW NATIONALISM” • TIGHTER GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF BUSINESS

  35. MORE OF NEW NATIONALISM • SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAMS • LIMIT THE SUPREME COURT’S POWER TO NULLIFY REGULATORY LAWS • MAKE THE GOVERNMENT THE PROTECTOR OF WORKERS AND CONSUMERS

  36. ELECTION OF 1912 • T.R. DENOUNCES TAFT • PROGRESSIVE REBELLION SPLITS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY • BOB LAFOLLETTE CHALLENGES TAFT FOR NOMINATION • LAFOLLETTE BECOMES ILL; T.R. TAKES HIS PLACE.

  37. TAFT CONTROLS THE CONVENTION • WINS THE NOMINATION • TR AND PROGRESSIVES WALK OUT. • AUGUST 1912 FORM THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY • NOMINATE TR “BULLMOOSE PARTY” • Old Republican guard now took control of Republican party with progressives gone

  38. DEMOCRATS NOMINATE WILSON • WILSON OFFERS “THE NEW FREEDOM” A PROGRESSIVE REFORM PROGRAM • TR OFFERS THE NEW NATIONALISM • THE SOCIALIST PARTY OFFERS EUGENE V. DEBS

  39. Dr. Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) nominated by Democrats • Platform: antitrust legislation, monetary changes, and tariff reductions. • Wilson’s "New Freedom" -- Favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and free functioning of unregulated and un-monopolized markets; states’ rights

  40. Progressive-Republican party(Bull Moose Party) • "New Nationalism" • Herbert Croly: The Promise of American Life(1910): • Campaigned for women’s suffrage, graduated income tax, lower tariffs, limits on campaign spending, currency reform and broad program of social welfare including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance, abolition of child labor and workers compensation.

  41. Socialist party’s Eugene V. Debs polled nearly 1 million, votes (6%); 2X 1908 figures • Height of American socialist movement. • Americans believed Socialists as a last alternative to the corrupt 2-party system before revolution.

  42. IWW (Industrial Workers of the World), a radical diverse group of militant unionists and socialists who advocated strikes and sabotage over politics. • William Haywood of the Western Federation of Miners and Daniel DeLeon.

  43. Why did Progressive-Republican party fail? • Fatally centered around one leader: TR. • Elected few candidates to state & local offices; no patronage to give followers • Yet, 3rd party impact spurred Wilsonian Democrats to enact their ideas.

  44. WILSON WINS • Wilson d. Roosevelt & Taft 435 to 88 and 8 • Wilson got only 41% of pop. vote; smaller than Bryan’s 3 previous efforts. • Democrats won a majority in Congress for the next 6 years. • TR and Taft combined polled over 1.25 million pop. votes more than Wilson.

  45. WILSON AND THE NEW FREEDOM

  46. WILSON’S RISE TO POWER • 1910 PRESIDENT OF PRINCETON • GOVERNOR OF NEW JERSEY • 1912 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

  47. WILSON’S BACKGROUND • BORN IN VIRGINIA 1856 • SON OF A MINISTER • STUDIED THE LAW • PhD IN POLITICAL SCIENCE • COLLEGE PROFESSOR • GREAT SPEAKER AND WORDSMITH • White-supremacist: didn't sympathize with efforts to improve rights for African Americans. • Not willing to go as far as TR in gov’t activism. • Unlike TR, Wilson lacked common touch • Moral righteousness made him often uncompromising

  48. WIN THE ELECTION OF 1912 • REPUBLICANS SPLIT TR VS TAFT • WILSON 1ST DEMOCRAT OF 20TH CENTURY • HE BELIEVED IN STRONG PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP • A PROGRESSIVE • ENJOYS IMMEDIATE SUCCESS • DEMOCRATS CONTROL BOTH HOUSES

  49. ATTACKS “THE TRIPLE WALLS OF PRIVILEGE” • TARIFFS, BANKING AND TRUSTS • THE HIGH TARIFF • PASSES THE UNDERWOOD TARIFF ACT 1913 • 1913 (Underwood-Simmons Tariff) • In unprecedented move, summoned Congress into special session in early 1913 and read message in person rather than by a clerk (custom since Jefferson’s day). • Underwood Tariff Bill passed by House • Wilson appealed to the people to demand their Senators pass the bill.

  50. CUTS RATES FROM 42% TO 27% • CREATE DUTY FREE LIST. • TO REPLACE REVENUE INCOME TAX IS PASSED.

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