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Experimental Psychology

Experimental Psychology. Experimental Clinical Counseling School Emotional Developmental Personality Social. Environmental Industrial/ Organizational Health Consumer. Special Areas in Psychology. Experimental Psychology. Research on learning, cognition, sensation, perception

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Experimental Psychology

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  1. Experimental Psychology

  2. Experimental Clinical Counseling School Emotional Developmental Personality Social Environmental Industrial/ Organizational Health Consumer Special Areas in Psychology

  3. Experimental Psychology • Research on learning, cognition, sensation, perception • Biological basis of both human and animal behavior

  4. Clinical Psychologists • They treat people with psychological problems like depression and schizophrenia • They administer tests, counsel, and conduct research • Psychiatrists

  5. Counseling Psychologists • They help people clarify their goals and make life decisions • The school setting

  6. Educational Psychologists • They study issues relating to the measurement of intelligence and the processes involved in educational and academic achievement • They usually work in schools and conduct research

  7. Developmental Psychologists • They focus on processes that influence social, cognitive, and physical growth, as well as personality development • They study both “nature” and “nurture”

  8. Personality Psychologists • They study the psychological characteristics and behavior that distinguishes us as individuals • They examine personality traits

  9. Social Psychologists • They study how specific groups or society in general can influence individual behavior and outlook • Research focuses on attitudes, prejudice, conformity, obedience

  10. Environmental Psychologists • They study relationships between psychological factors and physical health

  11. Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists • They study people’s behavior at work or school • Conduct research in academic/work settings • Human factors research

  12. Health Psychologists • They focus on the relationship between psychological factors and physical health • How to quit smoking, avoiding risky sexual behavior

  13. Consumer Psychologists • They study why people purchase particular products and brands • They examine consumer attitudes

  14. Early Researchers

  15. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) • He used introspection as a research technique • Wundt’s lab

  16. Edward Titchener (1867–1927) • Structuralism (an early school of psychology) • The mind is structured by breaking down mental experiences into their components • G. Stanley Hall, American Psychological Association

  17. William James and Functionalism • The school of psychology that focuses on the adaptive functions of behavior • The study of why we do what we do • The influence of Darwin

  18. John Watson • Behaviorism—the study of overt behavior • He rejected introspection • Psychology should become a science of behavior • Environment molds the behavior of us all

  19. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) • Behaviorism gets a boost from Skinner • Behavior is shaped by rewards and punishment

  20. Gestalt Psychology • Max Wertheimer • Gestalt studies the ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions • The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

  21. Sigmund Freud • The unconscious mind • We do and say things without understanding our motives

  22. The Empirical Approach • A method of developing knowledge based on gathering evidence, performing experiments, or careful observation • Psychologists need to distinguish between inference and observation

  23. The Scientific Method • A framework for acquiring knowledge through observation and experimentation (4 steps) — Come up with a question — Develop a hypothesis — Gather evidence — Draw conclusions

  24. Research Questions • Sources used: observation, previous experiences, beliefs • Questions eventually become hypotheses

  25. The Hypothesis • A precise prediction about the outcome of an experiment • Example: Is there a relationship between reckless driving and gender? • Dependent vs. independent variables

  26. Gathering Evidence • Develop a research design or strategy to provide a scientific test of the hypothesis • The type of research used depends on what a researcher wants to try to measure

  27. Drawing Conclusions About The Hypothesis • Conclusions about the hypothesis are based on the evidence collected • Statistics • Replication

  28. Selecting a Sample • Random sampling • The sample needs to be representative • Generalize or transfer

  29. Stratified Samples • Selecting individuals from a larger group based on age, sex, ethnicity, etc.

  30. Research Methods • The case study method • The survey method • The naturalistic observation method • The experimental method • The longitudinal method • The cross sectional method

  31. The Case Study Method • An in-depth study of one or more individuals • Information collected from interviews, observation, written records, artwork • The work of Jean Piaget

  32. The Artwork of Mental Patients Using artwork as a research tool

  33. Jose de Goya: Self Portrait

  34. The Stabbing

  35. William Blake: “Satan Comes To The Gates Of Hell”

  36. Self-Portraits: Joanne

  37. Franz Messerschmidt

  38. Schizophrenic Boy

  39. Lonnie

  40. Vincent Van Gogh

  41. Review • If you were a psychologist, what general observations could you make about the artwork of mental patients? • How are colors important in the psychology of art? Remembering the drawings made by Joanne. Explain how her progression of self-portraits reflects her psychological improvement.

  42. The Survey Method • Uses structured interviews or questionnaires to gather information about groups of people • Disadvantages

  43. Common Uses of and Concerns about the Survey Method • Anonymity: Subjects may open up more than in other situations • Studies about mental health or consumer satisfaction • Social desirability bias and volunteer bias

  44. Naturalistic Observation Method • Based on careful observation of behavior in natural settings without interfering • What researchers have learned using this technique • Problems

  45. Longitudinal Studies • The same person or group of persons are studied at regular intervals over a period of time • Used to determine whether people’s behavior/feelings have changed • An example

  46. Cross-Sectional Studies • Data is collected from groups of participants of different ages • Data is compared, conclusions are drawn • Advantages, disadvantages

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