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Life cycle based environmental studies Juris Benders University of Latvia

Explore the significance of life cycle-based studies in various fields such as industries, resource management, and environmental planning. Learn about the concept of circular economy and the role of life cycle thinking in academic perspective.

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Life cycle based environmental studies Juris Benders University of Latvia

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  1. . Life cycle based environmental studies Juris Benders University of Latvia TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  2. Why Life cycle based studies? # Life cycle approach is applicable to various type of study courses, now elaborated in ECOBRU project, regarding industries/ production, sectors of economy, resource management and planning, environmental management. # We can analize processes and issues in industries/ production and resource management through Life cycle approach: are they going according CIRCULAR economy, or LINEAR economy concept and which are the principal/ current Life cycle steps for development measures. Such kind of analysis could be advisible and important in study courses. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  3. Why Life cycle based studies? # Life cycle thinking - one of most important study course results. Nowadays we need specialists, managers, engineers, which are able to look and understand current processes through Life cycle approach «glasses». # Life cycle approach has been more and more current during the last two decades, has been promoted by legislation (in EU and other countries), has a more higher priority after EU accepted Circular economy package in 2015. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  4. .Industrial Ecology approach Fjodor Davitaija, scientistfromGeorgia (1977) formulatedtheanalogybetween IndustrialsystemsandNature systems: ‘Nature isoperatingwithoutwastegeneration. Thedeadorganismasmakesfoodforother organisms. Butindustryalsowiththeirwastescanobtainrawmaterialsforanotherindustrysectors! ‘ Thereis a trend fromlinearsystem (whenproductionends withwaste) to closedcycle (whenwastescouldenter to another process). TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  5. Academic perspective:Life cycle thinking The life cycle thinking and implementation of design for sustainability concept are very important in academic perspective and has been discussed during the last decade. Life cycle approach: resource extraction - production - distribution - use of product - waste management (utilization, recycling) – As a CYCLE, not a linear process chain; TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  6. „Cradle to cradle” concept Sustainable development concept in production leads to bridging environmental issues with product development reducing environmental, social and economic impacts along a products supply chain and through its life cycle. That should result to the „cradle to cradle” instead of „cradle to grave” mentality (Clark, Kosoris et al, 2009, Braungart, et al., 2007). Life cycle approach and eco-design issues focuses on the integration of environmental considerations in product development, that helps to combine business oriented design goals and environmental considerations. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  7. William McDonough & Michael Braungart (2002) Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  8. From a linear economy … TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  9. … to a circular economy TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  10. Life cycle approach includes: Life cycle principal steps, minimization of environmental impacts in each step (economy of M,E, minimization of emissions and waste), all kind of feedbacks – recycling loops M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M a t e r i a l M a n u f a c t u r e U s e & R e t i r e m e n t T r e a t m e n t R a w M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g & A s s e m b l y S e r v i c e & R e c o v e r y D i s p o s a l A c q u i s i t i o n W W W W W W r e u s e r e m a n u f a c t u r e o p e n - l o o p c l o s e d - l o o p r e c y c l e r e c y c l e M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or n Material flow of product TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  11. Life cycle -1 Raw Materials Extraction and Processing: largeimpacts! raw materials concentrated materials extraction refining Physical, Chemical Preparation processed materials refined materials TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  12. Extraction of Al from boxite : storage of byproducts and accident in Hungary...!!! TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  13. From rawmaterials to products: caseofpolyethilenebagproduction energy energy energy energy materials materials materials materials Polyethylene polymerization Bag manufacturing Ethylene production Petroleum extraction waste waste waste waste By products By products By products By products TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  14. Raw Materials ExtractionPollution prevention approach: Substitution of raw materials Use of less hazardous materials – less emissions in production Possible hazardous components in our resources? (S in coal) Use of renewables – not fosil materials Renewables in our region? Use of more clean resources – less emissions in production Which are resources in our region, industry? Use extraction (technology) with less energy consumption Use materials with longer lifetime Do we have such cases? TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  15. Raw Materials ExtractionPollution prevention approach: Substitution of raw materials Use extraction with less impacts to environment (landscape, nature degradation) – Impacts from extraction in our region? Use of alternative resources - lot of resources are very limited: globally – oil, specific metals; in regional scale – wood; Priority – Deficit resources in our region? Possible alternatives? TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  16. Expected term of usage and terms of depletion for current nature resources TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  17. Real and potential (future) resources • Realnatureresources– resourceswhichareknownandtheirapplicationisacceptedfrompointofeconomyandenvironmentalprotection – whichtechnologyisdeveloped. • Potentialnatureresources– resources, whichnowadaysarenotenoughinvestigatedortheyapplicationisnotacceptedfrompointofeconomyandenvironmentalprotection. Whichpotentialresourceshavebeendevelopedinourregion? • Possibly – lotofthemwillbepossible to use – whentheircostswillbelowerandtechnologywillbemoredeveloped. (energyfromseawaves, fastbiodegradableplastics, metalresources fromhighdeepdeposits) TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  18. Life cycle -2 Production/ Manufacturing finished materials finished components fabrication assembly bulk products finished products packaging TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  19. CLEANER PRODUCTION Continuous Preventive Integrated Processes Products Services Humans Environment Definition by UNEP “ Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated, preventive environmental strategy towards processes, products and services in order to increase overall efficiency and reduce damage and risks for humans and the environment.” RISKREDUCTION ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGY TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  20. BACKGROUND REACTIVE Dilution and dispersion 1 2 4 3 CONSTRUCTIVE End-of-pipe treatment Responses of businesses to pollution PASSIVE Ignore pollution PROACTIVE Cleaner Production TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  21. CLEANER PRODUCTION Key elements Cleaner Production in 5 points: 1.CP adds value to the EMS: it places emphasis on pollution prevention rather than control, with clear improvement in environmental performance. 2. CP is not limited only to manufacturing industries of a certain type or size, it can be applied towards the provision of services also. 3. CP includes safety and protection of health. 4. CP emphasizes risk reduction. 5. CP improves immediate efficiency as well as long-term efficiency. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  22. Material processingincludestwoprincipalsolutions: fromnature/ virginresourcesandfromwastematerials virgin materials refined materials concentrated materials Refining extraction Physical, Chemical Preparation processed materials waste materials collected materials Separation & cleaning segregated materials collection TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  23. IMPLEMENTING CP WASTES & EMISSIONS Option 1: Technology change OPERATION Improve equipment and process control New technology TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTION PROCESS Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS > Replacing > Equipment modification > Optimal process conditions > Increased automation > Improved process control Technology change: TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  24. IMPLEMENTING CP WASTES & EMISSIONS Option 2: Good operation practices OPERATION Improve equipment and process control New technology Improved management TECHNOLOGY Workers skills & process control PRODUCTION PROCESS Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS > Energy management > Maintenance programmes > Training and incentives program Improved operation practices: TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  25. IMPLEMENTING CP WASTES & EMISSIONS Option 3: Product modification OPERATION Improve equipment and process control New technology Improved management TECHNOLOGY Workers skills & process control PRODUCTION PROCESS Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTSmodification Product modification: > Recycling friendly design - ecodesign > Product Life Extension > Less material intensive packaging TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  26. Eco design # Ecodesign-integrationofenvironmentalaspectsintodesign/ planningphaseofproductorservice – takingintoaccountproductlifecycle. # EcoDesignis a way of thinking – and needs appropriate tools and methods. # EcoDesignis a business opportunity – a wayfordevelopmentofproduct TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  27. Main principles of Ecodesign: • Lowerconsumptionofrawmaterials; useofalternativeresources; productwith less materialcapasity; • Lowerconsumptionofenergy; higherenergyeffectiveness; change to another/ alternativeenergyresource; • Cleanermaterials– substitutionofmorehazardouscomponents; protectionofmaterials; • Applicationofmorecleanertechnologies, less emissions, waste; • Developmentofdistribution/ logistics, reductionof transport impacts to environment; TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  28. Main principles of Ecodesign: • Longerlifetimeforproduct; optimizationofproductusage; improvementofproductfunctionality– multifunctionalapplication (2 or 3 functionsinonedevice); possibility to dismantleandrepair; • Recyclingmeasures: reuse; recyclingofmaterials, recyclingofenergy; • To ensureenvironmentalawareness to consumer; ecolabels/ information; TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  29. Benefits for EcoDesign Manufacturing. Increase efficiency Marketing. Green sells better Research and development. Create innovative products Environment, Health & Safety (EHS). Improve production, improve working conditions Quality management. Reliable products instead of throw-away products

  30. Benefits for EcoDesign: less costs • Lower material capasity; • Less packaging materials – higher efficiency in trafic; - Less hazardous components – less (cheaper) wastes; - Usage of recycled materials – economy; TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  31. Benefits for EcoDesign: external factors • EcoDesignisattractive to consumersandclients (partners); educatethem(whataboutourawareness?) • EcoDesignmakesbackgroundforNEW productdevelopmentandnewbusiness(casesofnewproducts) • EcoDesignrelates to legislation (Directivesin EU, Lawsincountry); (whichlegalactsinourcountry?) • EcoDesignrelates to currentmarket (how it isinourcountry, trends?) TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  32. How to do EcoDesign? A Guideline for integration eco-design in a product development process: ISO/TR 14062:2002 Provides concepts and current practices relating to integration of environmental aspects into product design and development Goal: Improvement of environmental performance of products

  33. Stages of Product Development Process STAGE 1: Planning How to do EcoDesign? STAGE 2:Conceptual STAGE 3:Detailed Design Decreasing influence on environmental impacts Feedback / continuous STAGE 4:Testing / Prototype STAGE 5:Market launch STAGE 6:Product Review (reference: ISO/TR 14062:2002)

  34. Practical examples of bans for toxic components (RoHS) EU Member States shall ensure that, from 1 July 2006, new electrical and electronic equipment put on the market does not contain Lead Mercury Cadmium Hexavalent chromium Polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) ... more substances under discussion http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/weee_index.htm

  35. Life cycle -3 Distribution • environmentalfriendly (recycling, economicsize) packagingmaterial; (mostappropriate/ comprehensivepackagingmaterialalternativesandpackagingmanagement?) • energoeffective transport (kindof transport) andcomprehensivelogistics; (goodcasesof transport; possibleimprovements?) TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  36. Packaging alternatives: Paper and cardboard Usable for boxes; Mechanically strong; but not in wet conditions; Biodegradable; decomposed in 2-5 months; Possible to recycle till 7 x; • Metal Fe and Al – very popular; Wide application in food, chemical industries; Metal coatings helps to keep product properties; Durable, without penetration of water, air; TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  37. Packaging alternatives: • Glass Heavy, takes lot of space, low blow durability; Helps to keep taste of product/food; 100 % recycleable;Not degradable; • Plastics About 50% from all plastic packaging is packaging for food; From low density polyethilen are produced films, bags bags for vegetables; It is possible to recycle till 30 times; Good alternatives : biodegradable plastics; TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  38. Life cycle -4 Use Measuresforreductionofallkindofimpactsduringproductuse: • energyconsumption (trend to reduceenergyconsumption; a lotoftechnicalpossibilitiesappear); (goodcasesforenergyminimization; possibleimprovements?) • wasteminimization; • reductionofconsumables; TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  39. Life cycle -5 (recycling) • Reuseofproduct(goodcases, possibledevelopments?) • Treatmentforfurtheruse (compost, woodmaterialprocessing) (practicalcases; proposalsfortreatmentoptions?) • Recycledenergy (directincineration, productionofbiogas, biofuel) (practicalcases; proposalsfortreatmentoptions?) • Recycledmaterial/ resource; (casesofrecycledmaterialandtechnology, possibledevelopments?) TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  40. Life cycle approach includes: Life cycle principal steps, minimization of environmental impacts in each step (economy of M,E, minimization of emissions and waste), all kind of feedbacks – recycling loops M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M a t e r i a l M a n u f a c t u r e U s e & R e t i r e m e n t T r e a t m e n t R a w M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g & A s s e m b l y S e r v i c e & R e c o v e r y D i s p o s a l A c q u i s i t i o n W W W W W W r e u s e r e m a n u f a c t u r e o p e n - l o o p c l o s e d - l o o p r e c y c l e r e c y c l e M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or n Material flow of product TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  41. Municipal waste recycling: situation in EU • Waste Framework Directive(Directive 2006/12/EC) : • 50% by 2020 (preparationforreuseandrecycling) • Revisedtarget : • 70% by 2030 • Two thirds of EU countries have recycling levels below 40% in • 2012!! TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  42. Packagingwaste recycling: situationin EU • PackagingDirective (Directive 94/62/EC ): • 70 % by 2020 • Revisedtarget : • Increase packaging waste recycling/re-use to 80% in 2030. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  43. Municipalwastelandfillingin EU • Revisedtarget : • phase out landfilling by 2025 for recyclable waste (plastics, paper, metals, glass and bio-waste), corresponding to a maximum landfilling rate of 25%; • CE package – max 10% •  Half ofthe EU Member States still landfillmorethan 50% ofgeneratedwaste. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  44. Life cycle analysis of product Nowadays assessment of possible product impact to environment is not done only for production stage. That is a comprehensive analysis – based on life cycle approach and includes ALL life cycle steps. Case: LCA for Coca Cola packaging: bottle (glass), bottle (plastic), can (metal) – Which is most environmental sound? TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  45. CocaColapackagingmaterial In which cycle is the largest/ smalest impact ?? Production of raw material Production of container Distribution, use Recycling or disposal TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  46. CocaColapackagingmaterial Results: • if 500 km TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  47. Summary of Life cycle approach 6 RE Philosophy Re-think the product and its functions, e.g. the product may be used more efficiently. Re-duce energy and material consumption throughout a product’s life cycle Re-place harmful substances with more environmentally friendly alternatives Re-cycle. Select materials that can be recycled, and build the product such that it is disassembled easier for recycling. Re-use. Design the product so parts can be reused. Re-pair. Make the product easy to repair so that the product does not yet need to be replaced.

  48. Circular economy priority • The European Commission adopted in 2015 an ambitious Circular Economy Package, which includes revised legislative proposals on waste to stimulate Europe's transition towards a circular economy which will boost global competitiveness, foster sustainable economic growth and generate new jobs. • The Circular Economy Package consists of an EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy that establishes a concrete and ambitious programme of action, with measures covering the whole cycle: from production and consumption to waste management and the market for secondary raw materials. TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  49. Circular economy priority • A common EU target for recycling 65% of municipal waste by 2030; • A common EU target for recycling 75% of packaging waste by 2030; • A binding landfill target to reduce landfill to maximum of 10% of all waste by 2030; • A ban on landfilling of separately collected waste; • Concrete measures to promote re-use and stimulate industrial symbiosis - turning one industry's by-product into another industry's raw material; • Economic incentives for producers to put greener products on the market and support recovery and recycling schemes (eg for packaging, batteries, electric and electronic equipments, vehicles). TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

  50. The role of Eco-innovationsdevelopment Finland, Germany and Sweden are highly competitive, and leaders in eco-innovation Global Competitiveness Index 2013-2014 Eco-Innovation Index 2012 TEMPUS ECOBRU Meeting-Minsk 23.05.2016.

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