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Introduction to Microprocessor-Based Systems

This course provides knowledge on building and programming microprocessor-based systems, including microprocessor architecture, programming, and future trends.

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Introduction to Microprocessor-Based Systems

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  1. EE3541 Introduction to Microprocessors Medien Zeghid EE Department PRINCE SATTAM BIN ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY COLEGE OF ENGINEERING AT WADI ADDAWASER

  2. Overview • Textbook: J. L. Antonakos, "An Introduction to the Intel Family of Microprocessors," Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999 • Objectives: The course will provide knowledge to build and program microprocessor-based systems. • DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM • Microprocessor architecture • Architecture of microprocessor-based systems • Programming microprocessor-based systems • Future trends • Grading: Two midterms, one final exam, 1 project, ……

  3. Microprocessor Bus Control unit Datapath ALU Memory Output units Input units Reg. What are microprocessor-based systems? • Microprocessor-based systems are electrical systems consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O units, and other peripherals. • Microprocessors are the brains of the systems • Microprocessors access memories and other units through buses • The operations of microprocessors are controlled by instructions stored in memories

  4. Basic component of microcomputer • CPU - Central Processing Unit • the portion of a computer system that carries out the instructions of a computer program • the primary element carrying out the computer's functions. It is the unit that reads and executes program instructions. • The data in the instruction tells the processor what to do. Pentium D dual core processors

  5. 2. Memory • physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. • Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random-access memory(RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). • RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it. • ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. • In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely. • In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset.

  6. Address bus MAR PC IR Control unit Control bus X Y ACC ALU Data bus What are microprocessors? • A microprocessor is a processor (or Central Processing Unit, CPU) fabricated on a single integrated circuit. A simple microprocessor architecture

  7. Bus system • a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers.

  8. Evolution of Computers • First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube • Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor • Third generation (1959-1971) - IC • Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html

  9. Evolution of Computers • First generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube IBM 650, 1954 Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.cs.virginia.edu/brochure/museum.html http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/650.html

  10. Evolution of Computers • Second generation (1954-1959) - transistor Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.computer50.org/kgill/transistor/trans.html

  11. Evolution of Computers • Third generation (1959-1971) - IC PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation • Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8 is the least expensive general purpose small computer in 1960s Http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html http://www.piercefuller.com/collect/pdp8.html

  12. ROM/RAM buffer Timing Reset Control logic Program counter Instruction decoder ALU Reg. I/O Refresh logic System bus Evolution of Computers • Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor • In 1971, Intel developed 4-bit 4004 chip for calculator applications. http://www.intel.com Block diagram of Intel 4004 4004 chip layout A good review article: The History of The Microprocessor, Bell Labs Technical Journal, Autumn, 1997

  13. P III Pentium P 4 P II 80386 80486 8088 80286 8080 8080 P 4 P III P 4 Pentium P II P II Pentium P III 8088 80386 80386 80486 80386 8088 80486 8088 Pentium 8080 8080 80286 80286 P II P III 80286 P 4 80486 Evolution of Intel Microprocessors Minimum transistor sizes (µm) Number of transistors Clock frequencies (MHz) MIPS

  14. Other Commercial Microprocessors • PowerPC (IBM, Motorola) • Athlon, Dulon, Hammer (AMD) • Crusoe (Transmeta) • SPARC, UltraSPARC (Sun Microsystems) • TI’s TMS DSP chips (Texas Instruments) • StarCore (Motorola, Agere) • ARM cores (Advanced RISC Machines) • MIPS cores (MIPS Technologies) •      

  15. ... Keyboard Monitor Disk Other peripherals ... Bus Micro- processor Timing & control Interrupt control Memory Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems • Computers • System performance is normally the most important design concern Block diagram of a computer

  16. RAM ROM OSC. CPU I/O port Timer USART Interrupt A/D, D/A Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems • Microcontrollers • A microcontroller is a simple computer implemented in a single VLSI chip. • In general, microcontrollers are cheap and have low performance • Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial control, automobile and home applications Block diagram of a microcontroller

  17. Applications of Microprocessor-Based Systems • ASICs http://www.ti.com • Microprocessors are embedded into ASIC chips to implement complex functions • In general, it requires that the microprocessors have low power consumption and take small silicon area A TI baseband chip for cellular phone applications

  18. Class Objectives • Hardware architecture of microprocessor-based systems • Microprocessor architecture • Memory organization • I/O units of microprocessor-based systems • How to put them together • Programming of microprocessor-based systems • Intel 80x86 instruction set • Microprocessor Interrupt services • Assembly language programming

  19. Topics • Introduction of microprocessor-based systems (Ch. 1) • Intel 8086 microprocessor architecture (Ch.2) • Intel 8086 Addressing modes (Ch.3) • Hardware Detail of Intel 8086 (Ch.4) • Assembly language programming (Ch. 5) • Intel 80x86 instruction set (Ch. 6, 7) • Subroutine and Interrupt Instructions (Ch. 8) • Memory organization in microprocessor-based systems (Ch. 9) • I/O systems (Ch. 10) • Microprocessor interrupt and interrupt services (Ch. 11) • Disk systems and file (Ch. 12) • Topics in advanced computer architecture (Ch. 13)

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