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Cancer

Cancer. What you need to know about Cancer. Mustapha Mneimne, MD, ABS,FACS,MBA General & Colorectal Surgeon LAU-2012-2013. Outline. Introduction Understanding Cancer Risk factors Screening Symptoms and diagnosis Principles of Treatment. Introduction.

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Cancer

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  1. Cancer What you need to know about Cancer Mustapha Mneimne, MD, ABS,FACS,MBA General & Colorectal Surgeon LAU-2012-2013

  2. Outline • Introduction • Understanding Cancer • Risk factors • Screening • Symptoms and diagnosis • Principles of Treatment

  3. Introduction • Millions of people are living with the diagnosis of cancer. • Also millions of people die of cancer each year around the globe. • Others are being newly diagnosed with cancer • Cancer is a disease characterized by tissue overgrowth which can spread to other organs. • Despite significant progress in diagnosis and treatment, cancer remains the second cause of death world wide .(cardiovascular is 1st).

  4. Introduction • About 1,529,560 new cancer cases are expected to be diagnosed in 2010. • This year, about 569,490 Americans are expected to die of cancer,morethan 1,500 people a day. • Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the US, exceeded only by heart disease. In the US. • Cancer to Become Leading Cause of Death Worldwide by 2010.World Cancer Report .Int’l Agency for Research on Cancer.

  5. Understanding Cancer • Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that form tissues. • Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and new cells take their place.

  6. Understanding Cancer Cont’d • Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. • These extra cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor.

  7. Mass = Lump = Tumor

  8. Understanding Cancer Cont’d Tumors can be benign or malignant • Benign tumors are Not cancer: • Benign tumors are rarely life-threatening. • Generally, benign tumors can be removed, and they usually do not grow back. • Cells from benign tumors do not invade the tissues around them. • Cells from benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.

  9. Understanding Cancer Cont’d Malignant tumors are cancer: • Malignant tumors are generally more serious than benign tumors. They may be life-threatening. • Malignant tumors often can be removed, but sometimes they grow back. • Cells from malignant tumors can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs.

  10. Understanding Cancer Cont’d • Cancer cells spread by breaking away from the original (primary) tumor and entering the bloodstream or lymphatic system. • The cells can invade other organs, forming new tumors that damage these organs. The spread of cancer is called metastasis.

  11. Risk Factors for cancer • Doctors often cannot explain why one person develops cancer and another does not. • But research shows that certain risk factors increase the chance that a person will develop cancer.

  12. Risk Factors for cancer • Growing older( Age) • Tobacco • Sunlight • Ionizing radiation • Chemicals and other substances • Some Viruses • Certain hormones (contraceptives) • Family history of cancer • Alcohol • Poor diet,(high fat) • Obesity

  13. Facts you need to know about Cancer • Not everything causes cancer. • Cancer is not caused by an injury, such as a bump or bruise. • Cancer is not contagious. no one can "catch" cancer from another person. • Having one or more risk factors does not mean that you will get cancer. • Most people who have risk factors never develop cancer.

  14. Tobacco • Tobacco use is the most preventable cause of death. Each year, more than 180,000 Americans die from cancer that is related to tobacco use. • Using tobacco products or regularly being around tobacco smoke (environmental or secondhand smoke) increases the risk of cancer.

  15. Tobacco • Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to develop cancer of the lung, larynx (voice box), mouth, esophagus, bladder, kidney, throat, stomach, pancreas, or cervix. • They also are more likely to develop acute myeloid leukemia (cancer that starts in blood cells).

  16. Cancer of the larynx

  17. Sunlight • Ultraviolet(UV) radiation comes from the sun, sunlamps, and tanning booths. • It causes early aging of the skin and skin damage that can lead to skin cancer. • It is best to avoid the midday sun (from mid-morning to late afternoon) whenever possible. • You also should protect yourself from UV radiation reflected by sand, water, snow, and ice. • UV radiation can penetrate light clothing, windshields, and windows.

  18. Sunlight • Use sunscreen. But sunscreens cannot replace avoiding the sun and wearing clothing to protect the skin. • Stay away from sunlamps and tanning booths. They are no safer than sunlight • Melanoma: is cancer of the skin caused by UV radiation.

  19. Some Viruses and Bacteria • Humanpapilloma(HPVs): HPV infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. • Hepatitis: B,C: Liver cancer • Human T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (HTLV-1): lymphoma and leukemia. • Human ImmunoDefeiceincy Virus: (HIV,AIDS) • Epstien-Barr (EBV): lymphoma. • Helicobacter Pylori: stomach cancer

  20. Symptoms and signs • A thickening or lump in the breast or any other part of the body • A new mole or a change in an existing mole • A sore that does not heal • Hoarseness or a cough that does not go away • Changes in bowel or bladder habits

  21. Symptoms and signs • Discomfort after eating • A hard time swallowing • Weight gain or loss with no known reason • Unusual bleeding or discharge • Feeling weak or very tired • Night sweats

  22. How do we diagnose cancer? • History of the illness • Clinical examination • Blood tests, X-rays, Computer Scans • Biopsy: A piece of tissue for analysis

  23. Staging of cancer • Stage of cancer means how advanced we have found the cancer. • Very early • Early, late, very late • Staging follows: TNM • T: Tumor size, N: Lymph node status, • M: distant metastasis

  24. Treatment of cancer • Excisional surgery for solid tumors • Chemical therapy for nonsolid tumors or as complementary treatment • Radiation Therapy: External beam radiation • Local treatment by chemical compounds or local radiation • Hormonal Therapy.

  25. Screening for cancer • Checking for cancer (or for conditions that may lead to cancer) in people who have no symptoms is called Screening • Screening can help doctors find and treat some types of cancer early. • Generally, cancer treatment is more effective when the disease is found early. Cancer can be cured when caught early.

  26. Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, by Site, Men, 2000-2002* Site Risk All sites† 1 in 2 Prostate 1 in 6 Lung and bronchus 1 in 13 Colon and rectum 1 in 17 Urinary bladder‡ 1 in 28 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 1 in 46 Melanoma 1 in 52 Kidney 1 in 64 Leukemia 1 in 67 Oral Cavity 1 in 73 Stomach 1 in 82 * For those free of cancer at beginning of age interval. Based on cancer cases diagnosed during 2000 to 2002. Source: DevCan: Probability of Developing or Dying of Cancer Software, Version 6.0 Statistical Research and Applications Branch, NCI, 2005. http://srab.cancer.gov/devcan

  27. Lifetime Probability of Developing Cancer, by Site, Women, US, 2000-2002* Site Risk All sites† 1 in 3 Breast 1 in 8 Lung & bronchus 1 in 17 Colon & rectum 1 in 18 Uterine corpus 1 in 38 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 1 in 55 Ovary 1 in 68 Melanoma 1 in 77 Pancreas 1 in 79 Urinary bladder‡ 1 in 88 Uterine cervix 1 in 135 * For those free of cancer at beginning of age interval. Based on cancer cases diagnosed during 2000 to 2002. Source: DevCan: Probability of Developing or Dying of Cancer Software, Version 6.0 Statistical Research and Applications Branch, NCI, 2005. http://srab.cancer.gov/devcan

  28. Risk factors for developing Breast cancer • 1- early menarche (menstruation) • 2- late menopause • 3- Nulliparous women • 4- use of contraceptives • 5- family history of breast cancer(mother, sister..) • 6- history of breast cancer in the other breast • 7- History of ovarian cancer • 8- presence of BRCA I & II gene

  29. Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer, American Cancer Society • Yearly mammograms are recommended starting at age 40. • A clinical breast exam should be part of a periodic health exam, about every three years for women in their 20s and 30s, and every year for women 40 and older. • Women should know how their breasts normally feel and report any breast changes promptly to their health care providers. Breast self-exam is an option for women starting in their 20s. • Women at increased risk (e.g., family history, breast cancer) should talk with their doctors about the benefits and limitations of earlier screening.

  30. Breast Self examination

  31. Breast Self examination

  32. Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cervical Cancer, American Cancer Society • Screening should begin approximately three years after a women begins having vaginal intercourse, but no later than 21 years of age. • At or after age 30, women who have had three normal test results in a row may get screened every 2-3 years.. • At 70 years screening is stopped

  33. Vaccine for cervical cancer • A vaccine that offers protection from the virus responsible for most cases of cervical cancer is the latest addition to the official childhood immunization schedule • According to the World Health Organization, about 510,000 new cases of cervical cancer are reported each year • the cervical cancer vaccine stops cervical cancer before even the first step can begin. • Vaccine is given at the age 9-13 years

  34. Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer, American Cancer Society Beginning at age 50, men and women should follow one of the following examination schedules: • A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) every year • A flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSIG) every five years • Annual fecal occult blood test and flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years • A colonoscopy every ten years

  35. Screening Guidelines for the Early Detection of Prostate Cancer, American Cancer Society The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and the digital rectal examination (DRE) should be offered annually, beginning at age 50, to men who have a life expectancy of at least 10 years. ( new trends to start screening at 48.) .

  36. Concluding remarks • Cancer is a serious disease • Some cancers can be prevented or treated • We can be cured form cancer sometimes • If not treated, death is inevitable and fast • Prevention and early detection is the key to successful outcome

  37. Thank you Refferences • www.smokefree.gov • www.cancer.gov • National Cancer Institute Information Ressources

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