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Theoretical astrophysics in the XIX century

Theoretical astrophysics in the XIX century. Homage to Rad ó von Kövesligethy Lajos G. Balázs Konkoly Observatory, Budapest. Structure of this talk. Prelude (nature of astronomical information) Necessary physical disciplines XVII. -XIX. century development of physics

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Theoretical astrophysics in the XIX century

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  1. Theoretical astrophysics in the XIX century Homage to Radó von Kövesligethy Lajos G. Balázs Konkoly Observatory, Budapest 'The European Scientist ...'

  2. Structure of this talk • Prelude (nature of astronomical information) • Necessary physical disciplines • XVII. -XIX. century development of physics • Birth of quantitative astrophysics • Kövesligethy's assumptions • Spectral equation • Temperature of celestial bodies. • Conclusions 'The European Scientist ...'

  3. Observed: incoming light Observed quantities: - Direction - Wavelength- Polarization- Time Astronomy - Positional- Astrophysics The necessary physics: -theory of gravitation -theory of radiation -thermodynamics -matter - radiation interaction Nature of astronomical information 'The European Scientist ...'

  4. Development in XVII-XVIII. century • The most significant theoretical achievement:law of gravitation • Nature of light:Newton – contra - Huygens i.e particle wave. • First speculations on black holes (Mitchell, Laplace) • Cosmogony (Kant-Laplace theory) • Structure of the Milky Way (Kant) • Celestial mechanics 'The European Scientist ...'

  5. Black hole (artist’s conception) 'The European Scientist ...'

  6. Develeopment in XIX. century • Formulation of the Olbers Paradox(observational cosmology) • Development of thermodynamics, thermodynamics - radiation interaction, • Prediction of the black body radiation(no functional form! ) • Maxwell theoryof electromagnetism: classical framework of the interaction between matter and radiation 'The European Scientist ...'

  7. Olbers paradox (1823) Why is the sky dark at night? 'The European Scientist ...'

  8. Birth of quantitative astrophysics • Kirchhoff & Bunsen discovery of the spectral analysis (1859) • observation of spectrum: possible to study the chemical composition of emitting bodies. 'The European Scientist ...'

  9. Achievements of theoretical astrophysics • First stellar models (Lane, Ritter, Schuster ): Combination of the thermodynamic equation of state with the equation of hydrostatics • Theory of continuous spectra of celestial bodies by Radó von Kövesligethy (1885 in Hungarian, 1890 in German) - First successful spectral equation of black body radiation 'The European Scientist ...'

  10. Radó von Köveslygethy’s biography • Born: 1862, Verona • 1881-84: Uni-Wien • 1882-: Konkoly’s observer • 1885: Spectral Equation • 1904: Professor at Uni-Pest • Died: 1934, Budapest 'The European Scientist ...'

  11. Kövesligethy’s spectral equation 1885 1890 'The European Scientist ...'

  12. Kövesligethy's assumptions on the matter - radiation interaction • The radiating matter consists of interacting particles • The form of interaction is an inverse power law • Radiation field is represented by the aether • The aether is consisting also from interacting particles • The light is the propagation of the oscillation of the aether particles • There is an equipartition between the oscillations energy of material and aether particles 'The European Scientist ...'

  13. Derivation of the spectral equation 'The European Scientist ...'

  14. The spectral equation (1885) 'The European Scientist ...'

  15. Discovery of Wien’s law (1885) 'The European Scientist ...'

  16. The Wien’s law (1893) 'The European Scientist ...'

  17. Planck’s spectral equation (1900) 'The European Scientist ...'

  18. Kövesligethy vs. Planck Kövesligethy (1885) Planck (1900) 'The European Scientist ...'

  19. Temperature of celestial bodies • Depends only on the temperature If L(’) = L(”) then ’ ” =  Obtaining ’, ”from the spectrum and thetemperature can be determined Kövesligethy used this way to get the temperature of the Sun and other celestial bodies 'The European Scientist ...'

  20. Summary of the main points • In XVII-XVIII century: law of gravitation was the main theoretical basis • In XIX century: development of thermodynamics and electromagnetism • Discovery of Kirchhoff & Bunsen (1859): birth of quantitative astrophysics • Kövesligethy (1885): first successful quantitative theory of radiation 'The European Scientist ...'

  21. Thank you! 'The European Scientist ...'

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