Period 2: 1607 - 1754

1. Period 2: 1607 - 1754 Colonization

2. Key Concept 2.1 • Europeans and American Indians maneuvered and fought for dominance, control, and security in North America, and distinctive colonial and native societies emerged. • Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

3. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British Had different patterns of colonization • Spain had tight control over colonization with work to convert and/or exploit the native population. • French and Dutch sent few Europeans and sought trade agreements and intermarriage with American Indians.

4. English Colonization • Sought to establish colonies based on agriculture • Sent a large number of men, women and families to acquire land and populate the settlement. • Had relatively hostile relationships with the American Indians.

5. Characteristics • Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies, The English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native peoples or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy

6. England in the New World: Chesapeake Reading Assignment • Roanoke • Richard Hakluyt • Indentured servants • Jamestown • Headright system • House of Burgesses • Uprising of 1622 • Tobacco • John Smith • John Rolfe • Starving Time

7. Reasons for Colonization in 17th Century • National pride led to empire building • Religious • Henry VIII began the Reformation in England that led to religious strife between the Catholics and Protestants • Viewed it a divine mission to populate with protestants • Trade would increase wealth • Overcrowding in England

8. Settling the Chesapeake • Roanoke • Jamestown (1607) • Starving Time • John Smith organized efforts • The Virginia Company • Headright System • House of Burgesses / 1st elected representative body in America • Tobacco / John Rolfe • Little or no sense of family

9. Relationship with Natives • At first cooperative and peaceful • Uprising of 1622 / as tensions result from the fact that the English are staying. • Tobacco growth resulted in large dispersed plantations in need of a large labor force • Indentured servants and Native Americans supplied that force. • Planter social strata emerged

10. Colony of Maryland • Established as a protected location for colonial Catholics • Otherwise history is similar to Jamestown • Period of starvation and death • Followed by the salvation of tobacco • Also established a plantation social structure

11. Emergence of African Slavery • The abundance of land, a shortage of indentured servants, the lack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and the growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade. • Strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority led to enslaving black people in perpetuity. • Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery. (rebellion, sabotage, escape)

12. Other Southern Colonies • The Carolinas • North and South • Planters from Barbados • Extended plantation society • Georgia • Buffer state between English colonies and Spanish Florida • Settled by “good” prisoners from England

13. New England ColoniesReading Assignment • Puritanism • John Calvin • Pilgrims • Mayflower Compact • John Winthrop • Great Migration of 1629 • Religious Uniformity • Roger Williams • Anne Hutchinson • Pequot War

14. New England Colonies The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of like-minded religious believers, developed a close-knit homogeneous society and – aided by favorable environmental conditions – a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.

15. Puritanism • Followed the beliefs of John Calvin /world was divided into two groups – the elect and the damned. • Hard work and prosperity would indicate that you were among the elect (Puritan Work Ethic) • Showed little tolerance for other faiths and / dissenters • Came to America to escape “corruption” of England

16. Plymouth, 1620 • Mayflower was blown off course and landed in Massachusetts • Settled by Pilgrims (Separatists) • Signed the Mayflower Compact (first written frame of government in what is now the United States • Autumn of 1621celebrated at the first Thanksgiving • Eventually overshadowed by Massachusetts Bay to its north.

17. Family as Ordained by the Church • Male is the head of the household. However, the wives were considered spiritual equals of men. • The ideal Puritan marriage was based on reciprocal affection and companionship and divorce was legal – but not often sought.

18. Government in New England • Each town was self-governing and stressed individualism and social unity. • Each town had a church and a school • Harvard College, 1636 • Puritan democracy was only for those within the church. • Church and state are closely connected • Tolerance of difference was not high on the list of Puritan values.

19. More Colonies Appear • Banished from Massachusetts because of his belief in the separation of church and state, Roger Williams founds Rhode Island. • Thomas Hooker establishes Connecticutt • Anne Hutchinson is banished for her criticism of the church • New Hampshire established with Massachusetts overflow

20. Middle Colonies • The demographically, religiously, and ethnically diverse middle colonies supported a flourishing export economy based on cereal crops. • Pennsylvania – William Penn – Refuge for Quakers (Society of Friends) • New York – purchased from the Dutch • Delaware • New Jersey

21. The Pequot War • View and discuss “The Massacre at Mystic” from the series Ten Days that Unexpectedly Changed America.

22. Cultures are Changed • Continuing contact with Europeans increased the flow of trade goods and diseases into and out of native communities, stimulating cultural and demographic changes. • By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol and by rewarding Indian military actions, Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.