ITI-520: Web Technology Web Server Setup

1. ITI-520: Web TechnologyWeb Server Setup Meeting 1: Introduction to the Internet, World Wide Web and Web Servers Rutgers University Internet Institute Instructor: Chris Uriarte Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

2. This course will teach you how to install, configure, and administer a Web server that runs on a Unix system and can be used to deliver dynamic content. The course objectives will be achieved through a combination of lectures, demonstrations, and hands-on exercises. Course Overview and Goals Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

3. Chris Uriarte – chrisjur@cju.com Contact me anytime via email or telephone: (732) 888-0088 x47. About Your Instructor… Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

4. Introductions What do you do? What do you do with computers? Why are you taking this class? About Your Classmates… Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

5. The purpose of the course is to teach you how to setup a Web server. This means you will be learning how to use tools to deliver content for the World Wide Web, not to create content. The Rutgers Internet Institute offers many other courses designed to teach you how to create content for the World Wide Web: World Wide Web Publisher (I & II) Certificates and World Wide Web Developer Certificate. What This Course Is and Is Not Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

6. This course is one of four required to receive the World Wide Web Unix Administrator Certificate. Other courses: ITI-480 Unix Fundamentals, ITI-481 Unix Administration & ITI-510 Computer Networks World Wide Web Unix Administrator Certificate Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

7. Familiarity with a Web browser such as Netscape or Internet Explorer. You should have user-level experience with UNIX and must be familiar with the use of a UNIX text editor like vi, emacs and pico. Some level of experience with creating HTML documents may be helpful. Prerequisites Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

8. Week 1: Introduction to the Internet, the World Wide Web, and Web Servers Week 2: Installing and Configuring the Apache Web Server Week 3:Extending Apache: Advanced Topics Week 4: Web Security: Secure Servers and Securing Your Server Class Schedule Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

9. Textbook: Professional Apache by Peter Wainwright (Wrox Press, 1999). User account on Linux server iti.rutgers.edu. Course Resources Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

10. Works on a client/server model. The Web server is the server component. The Web browser is the client component. Purpose of the Web server is to provide documents to clients. Web servers, Web browsers, and the information that is shared between them through the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocol make up the World Wide Web. How does the World Wide Web Work? Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

11. Grew out of the Internet, a network of networks designed that began in the early 1970’s and was used to support a variety of services (including telnet, ftp, Usenet, email, and gopher) that communicated via TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee at CERN developed a new system to simplify document distribution and to allow documents to be linked together. Called the “WorldWideWeb.” History of the World Wide Web Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

12. In 1993, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NSCA) released to the public a NCSA server software and a GUI Web browser called Mosaic. Quickly became popular. Mosaic became Netscape Web History, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

13. A Webmaster is someone responsible for the content and/or management of a Web site and/or a Web server. Who is a Webmaster? Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

14. Web Designers – Create graphical elements and determine layout of Website. Content Providers- Create and edit HTML documents. Web Developers – Write CGI, Java, JavaScript, ASP, PHP, and other scripts or programs that are used to deliver dynamic content. What Roles Do Webmasters Play? Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

15. Administrators – Responsible for maintaining the Web server software and often the operating system and hardware where the Web server is installed. For most organizations, these responsibilities tend to be split over multiple job positions except for very small and simple Web sites. Webmaster Roles, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

16. How and where will you host it? What kind of hardware will you use? What kind of Operating System will the hardware run? What Web server software will you use? What domain name will your site use? Answers to above questions usually determined by budget, staffing, and existing infrastructure of your organization. Planning Your Server Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

17. Free Page Site – For personal use, limited space and tools, adds advertisements. (examples: Yahoo, Tripod, Xoom, etc.) Personal Page Site – For personal use, usually included with dialup account (about $20 per month), 2-20 MB disk space, none or limited access to server-based technologies for delivering dynamic content, generally under your ISP’s domain. (Website URL usually looks something like: http://www.yourisp.com/~yourusername) Hosting Your Server: Use an ISP (Internet Service Provider) Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

18. Virtual Host – For business or personal use, share a machine with other domains, can use your own domain (http://www.yourdomain.com), should provide a fairly wide range of tools for building more complex Websites, costs based on disk usage and traffic, ranges from $10 to several hundreds of dollars a month. Generally available through all ISPs and Hosting-only providors such as Highway Technologies (http://www.hway.net) and YourDomainHost (http://www.yourdomainhost.com) Hosting Your Server, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

19. Dedicated Server – For business use, ISP owns and runs the machine, your organization dictates the configuration and has exclusive access to the system, expensive. Co-Located Server – For business use, your organization owns the hardware and software and is responsible for maintaining it, ISP houses the system and provides a network connection, pricing determined by bandwidth requirements. Hosting Your Server, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

20. For an Intranet Server– Need a LAN (local area network). For an Internet Server – Need a dedicated Internet connection. Internet Connectivity Options: POTS (up to 56Kbps) – not practical for business use ISDN (128Kbps) – only a good choice if cable or DSL is not available Cable (512Kbps – 10Mbps) DSL (128kps – 1.54 Mbps+) T-1 (up to 1.54Mbps) – full, fractional, or burstable T-3 (up to 45 Mbps) Hosting Your Server: Do It Yourself: Networking Options Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

21. Setting up a Internet Web site will require you to purchase some level of services from an ISP. The List – http://thelist.com Finding an ISP Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

22. Need to select a machine architecture (i.e Intel Compatible PC, Sun, Macintosh G4). Processor speed and number of processors. RAM and Disk Space. NIC card. Price can range from several hundred dollars to thousands of dollars. Hosting Your Server: Hardware Options Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

23. Commercial Versions of Unix (i.e. Solaris, Irix, HP-UX, AIX, MacOS X). Free Versions of Unix (i.e. Linux, FreeBSD). Microsoft Windows (9x, NT, Windows 2000). Novell NetWare Windows vs. Unix – raises issues of easy of use, stability, scalability, open source, and pricing. Hosting Your Server: Operating System Options Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

24. According to the Netcraft Web Server Survey (http://www.netcraft.com), as of January 2000, three Web server software distributions support over 90% of all Web servers on the Internet: Apache 61.66% Microsoft Internet Information Server 19.63% Netscape Enterprise 7.22% Hosting Your Server: Web Server Software Options Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

25. “The standard” for UNIX web servers. Originally based on NCSA httpd code. Can be installed under most Unix variants and Windows. Binary versions available for many operating systems. Uses file-based configuration, although GUI tools are also available. Web Server Software Options: Apache Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

26. Unix versions very stable. Windows version less mature (beta-level code). Very Fast and uses resources efficiently. Freely distributed source code. Can be modified for commercial or non-commercial use. Price: Free See http://www.apache.org for more information. Introduction to Apache, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

27. Sometimes referred to as the iPlanet server Distributed through Sun-Netscape Alliance called iPlanet. Server packages: iPlanet/Netscape Enterprise Server, Netscape Fast-Track Server. Runs under Windows NT, Solaris, Irix, HP-UX, Digital Unix, AIX, Linux (coming soon). Web Server Software Options: Netscape Server Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

28. Uses Web-based administration. Can be resource intensive. Price: $1495 per processor for Enterprise Server See http://www.iplanet.com/products/infrastructure/web_servers for more information. Netscape iPlanet Server, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

29. Most popular for NT-based web servers. Runs only under Windows NT Server. IIS v4 is the most popular release. IIS v5 was released with Windows 2000 Server. GUI-based administration. Web-based administration available as well. May not scale well. Web Server Software Options: Microsoft Internet Information Server Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

30. Source code not available. Extendable through Microsoft’s Internet Server API (ISAPI). Price: Free with NT Server 4.0 See http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/web/default.asp for more information. Microsoft IIS, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

31. Web Servers need fast disk access and a lot of RAM to handle high-volumes of traffic. Not unusual to see web servers with 1GB of RAM and 10,000RPM hard drives. Processor speed and performance becomes very important when delivering dynamic content via CGI scripts, Server Side Includes or other web applications. Important Notes about Web Server Hardware Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

32. For a Web server to be useful it will need to be attached to a network. Minimum requirements for a computer network – at least two computers that have a media and a method of communicating. All Internet applications use TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) for low-level communications. How the Internet Works: Networking Basics Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

33. TCP/IP is actually a combination of 2 protocols: A transport layer protocol called the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) A network protocol called the Internet Protocol (IP) Networking Basics: TCP/IP Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

34. TCP/IP uses IP address to identify different devices. Every computer on the Internet must have a least one unique IP address. IPv4: IP address are four 8-bit numbers separated by dots: 165.230.30.68 Usually divided in three parts: 165.230 is one of Rutgers’ networks – e.g. no one else has addresses starting with 165.230 30 is the subnet portion of the address 68 is the particular node, or host portion of the address Division not necessarily on octet boundary. Networking Basics: IP Addresses Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

35. IP - An IP address represents a machine’s identity on the internet and tells other machines how to get to it – similar to your street address (e.g. 123 Main Street, Anytown, USA). TCP is a mechanism used to ensure that anything sent to a specific IP address makes it there in one piece. – similar to the Post Office. Together, TCP/IP assures that anything sent to a server on the Internet is delivered to the right place in one complete piece. TCP/IP: Two Friends, Working Together Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

36. IP addresses no longer being distributed by classes – blocks are distributed to ISPs on an as-needed basis and must be justified. IP addresses are hard to come by. How do you get them? Your ISP received an “address space” from the ARIN (http://www.arin.org) You receive IP addresses from your ISP. Networking Basics: IP Addresses Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

37. Network interfaces need to be assigned IP addresses. Interfaces can be configured using ifconfig command on UNIX machines. Type ifconfig –a to view current configuration settings. Additional tools for network monitoring: ping, traceroute, tcpdump, netstat, arp, snoop. Networking Basics: Tools Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

38. IP addresses are usually paired with more human-friendly names: Domain Name System (DNS). Networking Basics: DNS internet.rutgers.edu Hostname Organization Top-level domain • Other top-level domains include .com, .gov, .org, etc. There are also country-specific domains like .uk, .ca, .jp, etc. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

39. Domain name information is maintained through a distributed database of host name/ IP address pairing. The Network Information Center (NIC) manages the top-level domains, delegates authority for second-level domains, and maintains a database of registered name servers for all second-level domains. Host name assignments maintained through zone files on primary DNS server. Secondary DNS server gets zone file from primary server. Networking Basics: DNS, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

40. Network Solutions (previously the InterNic) registers domain names – See http://www.networksolutions.com. Other registrars include Register.com Costs range from $20 to $50 per year. ISP’s beginning to offer domain name registration as part of other packages. Need to register a primary and secondary domain name servers for your domain and arrange to have zone files created on DNS servers. Networking Basics: DNS, con’t. Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

41. DNS Overview: If DNS Servers Could Talk… Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

42. There are several tools for for monitoring DNS information: whois – tells you the owner and primary DNS servers associated with a domain (e.g. whois yahoo.com). Also available via web browser at www.networksolutions.com. nslookup and host – tell you IP address information for a particular hostname on the internet (e.g. nslookup www.yahoo.com or host www.rutgers.edu) Networking Basics: DNS Tools Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

43. What are IP addresses of the DNS servers that contain information about rutgers.edu? What are the IP address of: www.retaildecisions.com abusaday.admin.cju.com www.linux.org DNS Exercise Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

44. Servers tend to run a number of services. A single NIC can be used to provide multiple services through ports. Servers with Internet-related services listen on specific ports. Clients contact server by specifying an IP address and a connection port. Common services and port numbers: smtp 25, ftp 21, telnet 23, http/web 80, https/ssl 443 A list of services and ports is contained in the /etc/services file Ports below 1024 are reserved for system services and can only be used by programs started by root. Networking Basics: Ports Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

45. Most web servers run on port 80 – the standard web port Web server software usually runs on UNIX system as some user other than root. It’s considered a security risk to run the web server software as root. The web server software binary is httpd. Web server software is often refered to as “the httpd” Web Servers and UNIX Systems Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

46. URL: a fancy way of saying “web site address” Anatomy of a URL: Uniform Resource Locator (URL) http://internet.rutgers.edu:80/ITI520/index.html Protocol Hostname Port Number Path To File Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

47. HTTP – The Hypertext Transfer Protocol The protocol used between web clients (browsers) and web servers. Web browsers “ask” for a specific web page from the server, who returns the content HTTP – An Introduction Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

48. You can emulate the HTTP conversation between a browser and a server: telnet to the internet.rutgers.edu machine, port 80, e.g. telnet internet.rutgers.edu 80 from the UNIX command line. Type: “GET HTTP/1.0 /” Press Enter twice. The server returns the HTML (web page code), which is usually interpreted and displayed by your web browser. HTTP: Example and Exercise Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

49. File Editors: vi, emacs, pico File system navigation: cd File management: mv, rm, mkdir,rmdir, ls, chmod, ln Archiving and compression: tar, gzip ***Process management: ps, kill Man pages available for all these commands, e.g “man rmdir” Unix Tools and Commands Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte

50. UNIX Processes are managed using the ps and kill commands ps is used to list processes running on the system kill is used to kill and restart processes running on the system Every time you start a new program (pico, vi, bash, etc.) a process is created and you are the owner of that process. UNIX Process Management Web Technology – Web Server Setup : Chris Uriarte