Essential Question :

1. Essential Question: • How did the arms race & space race escalate the Cold War between the United States & the Soviet Union? CNN STUDENT NEWS

2. From 1945 to 1991, the USA & USSR used a variety of strategies to win the Cold War

3. In the early years of the Cold War (1945-1949), the USA used a containment policy to successfully stop the spread of communism in Europe Marshall Plan NATO Berlin Airlift Truman Doctrine

4. When communism spread to China in 1949, the USA feared the “domino theory” & became more aggressive in its efforts to stop communism The USA went to war in Korea to defend South Korea from communism The Soviet Union supplied weapons to the communists in North Korea during the war The type of indirect fight between the USA & USSR is called a “proxy war”

5. From 1949 to 1970, the Cold War escalated as a result of a nuclear arms race, space race, & espionage

6. The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949 when the USSR successfully tested an atomic bomb The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led to a nuclear arms race between the USA & USSR

7. In 1952, the USA tested the first hydrogen bomb which is 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb The Soviet Union responded by detonating its own hydrogen bomb in 1953

8. By 1959, both the USA & USSR developed rockets called intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could deliver nuclear warheads to distant targets U.S. Polaris Submarine Soviet Transporter Erector Launcher (TEL) U.S. Titan ICMB from the 1960s Soviet ICMBs from 1960-1975

9. In the 1950s, U.S. President Eisenhower escalated the Cold War by using brinkmanship: threatening to use nuclear weapons & willingness to go to the brink of war If the USSR attacked a NATO member, the U.S. would use massive retaliation: attack every major Soviet city & military target As a result, the USA & USSR began stockpiling nuclear weapons & building up their militaries

10. With the USA & USSR in possession of large nuclear stockpiles, each side could destroy each other: this was known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Throughout the Cold War, the USA & USSR looked for ways to gain first strike capability

11. In 1957, the USSR used its first ICBM to launch Sputnik, the first satellite into space Sputnik shocked Americans who feared the U.S. had fallen behind the USSR in science & technology As a result of Sputnik, the Cold War escalated into a space race to show American & Soviet dominance

12. The USSR repeatedly beat the USA in space by launching the first man into orbit & orbiting the moon In 1958, the USA created National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) to catch up to the USSR… …U.S. schools promoted math, science, & technology NASA’s original seven NASA Mercury astronauts

13. In 1962, President John Kennedy committed the USA to beating the Soviet Union in the race to the moon In 1969, Apollo 11 landed U.S. astronauts on the moon

14. During the Cold War, the USA & USSR created intelligence agencies, the CIA and KGB, in order to spy and carry out covert operations The USA & USSR used spies to gather intelligence U.S. & Soviet spy planes gathered information also Convicted spiesJulius & Ethel Rosenberg

15. The CIA overthrew the governments of Iran & Guatemala and intervened in Egypt, Bolivia, Chile, & Cuba to stop communism The Cold War escalated as the threat of communism spread into the Middle East, Africa, & Latin America

16. COLD WAR (crash course)

17. Essential Question: • Why did the Cuban Missile Crisis result in near nuclear war in 1962?

18. The Berlin Crisis, 1961 • In JFK’s first year in office, Soviet leader Khrushchev threatened to cut off access to West Berlin • JFK vowed to never give up access to West Berlin • Rather than blockade the city, Communist leaders built the Berlin Wall in 1961 to keep EastGermansoutofWest Berlin

19. Walls and other barriers 10–15 feet high surrounded West Berlin. The length of the barriers around the city totaled about 110 miles “Ich bin ein Berliner” —JFK, 1963 The “death strip” stretched like a barren moat around West Berlin, with patrols, floodlights, electric fences, and vehicle traps between the inner and outer walls

20. The Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 • In 1959, Fidel Castro gained control of Cuba, seized property, & took aid from Khrushchev in the Soviet Union

21. JFK went on TV & took responsibility for the failure at the Bay of Pigs Cuba: The Bay of Pigs Invasion • In 1959, Fidel Castro gained control of Cuba, seized property, & took aid from Khrushchev in the Soviet Union • Under Eisenhower, the CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade the island & overthrow of Castro • In 1961, JFK authorized the plan, but the Bay of Pigs invasion failed afterJFKcalledoffairstrikesonCuba

22. The Cuban Missile Crisis • After the failure at the Bay of Pigs, SovietleaderKhrushchevpromised to defend Cuba from the USA • In 1962, U.S. spy planes revealed nuclear missile camps in Cuba • If assembled, Soviet ICBMs in Cuba would give the USSR first strike capability on U.S. targets • JFK warned that he would not allow nuclear missiles in Cuba

23. The Cuban Missile Crisis The potential threat: Cuba with Soviet-provided military equipment & nuclear missiles Not all missiles in Cuba were operational, but Khrushchev shipped more missiles to Cuba

24. Quick Class Discussion: How should President Kennedy respond? • Advisors presented JFK with several options • What are the positives/negatives of each? • What should JFK do? Rank order these options Immediate air strike on existing missile sites Full military invasion of Cuba; Take out Castro Diplomacy: trade ICBMs in Cuba for ours in Turkey? Naval blockade to keep out the in-route Soviet missiles

25. Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba Soviet ships, escorted by nuclear-equipped submarines, soon approached the quarantine line & the world waited for World War III

26. Cuban Missile Crisis • The standoff ended when a deal was reached: • Soviet ships turned around at the last minute & Khrushchev removed its missiles from Cuba • JFK promised that the U.S. would notinvadeCuba&secretlyagreedto remove ICBMs from Turkey • The crisis ended as a victory for JFK, but it revealed how close the two sides came to nuclear war