The Origin of Names in English Cities and Countries

1. The Origin of Names in English Cities and Countries

2. The goal of work • To investigate the way how the historical events influenced the development of the language and how the language resulted in the names of the cities and towns

3. The aims of work • Studying the history of English cities and towns • Exploring the ways the cities and towns got their names • Comparing the English names of the cities with the Russian ones

4. I like English because • a lot of people speak English as a foreign language, • many scientists write their articles in it. • English is now the language used in computers. • English is the official language of many international organizations such as the Olympic Committee, the Organization of the United Nations and so on.

5. When studying the English language • you understand your own language better, because you can compare the two languages. • learning a language is learning the life of the countries, geography and history.

6. I like history because • it is impossible to live without looking back at the historical past. • Historians have always tried to understand past human lives and societies. • History helps to understand the global historical process.

7. Ancient England and the Romans

8. The Phoenicians came in ships to these islands, they traded with the islanders, taught savage Britons some useful arts.

9. The English names of places formed from Celtic words • Aberdeen ( from aber“ mouth”) • Dunbar, Dundee ( from dun “ a protected place”) • Kilkenny ( from kill, “ church”) • and a few common words, such as bog, crag, willow.

10. The English names of places formed with the ending chester, caster or cesterinfluenced by the Romans • Gloucester, • Leicester, • Doncaster, • Winchester, • Chester, • Lancaster • and many others besides.

11. The Saxon Invasion The Romans had scarcely gone when the Britons wished they had never left. The Romans being gone, and the Britons being reduced in numbers by their long wars. They were in such distress that they sent a message to Rome for help. But the Romans could not help them; they had enough to do defend themselves against their own enemies, who were very fierce and strong. At last the Britons resolved to make peace with the Saxons, and invited them into their country to help keep out the Picts and Scots. The invaders came from three powerful Germanic tribes, the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes.

12. England - «the land of Angles»

13. With the ending–ing- comes from the Saxon villages • The ending –ing- meant folk or family, thus «Reading» is the place of family of Rada, «Hastings» of the family of Hasta. • Ham means farm, ton means settlement. Birmingham, Nottingham, or Southampton, for example, are Saxons place names.

14. King Alfred

15. “burghs – borough” comes from the walled settlements • These were called burghs. They became prosperous market towns, and the word, now usually spelt borough, is one of the commonest endings to place names: -Aldborough- Ripon , -Blyborough- Gainsborough, -Knaresborough-Harrogate, -Shugborough- Stafford, -Sprotborough- Doncaster, -Templeborough - Sheffield

16. Original names of some American towns and cities brought from the European countries • The great explorer. Christopher Columbus brought the names of their home towns or countries. • As a result, there are many places in America which have the names of European towns. • There are places called New London, New Orleans, New Paris, St. Petersburg and Moscow.

17. The Origin of Names in Russian Cities and Towns

18. “mosk” (that means “flit”) • “kor” (that means “a stone shelter”)

19. Cheboksary

20. Mariinsky Posad

21. “shyn”- the river • “dur”- the bank

22. Conclusion • Having studied the origin of names in English cities and towns and compared them with Russian ones, I came up to the conclusion that different cities have different names influenced by the historical events that took place in the pastof the country.