Name the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?

1. SB1:Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. .

2. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.

3. Name the 3 parts of the Cell Theory? • 1) Cell is the basic unit of life • 2) All organisms are composed of cells • 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells Cell Theory Rap

4. What characteristics are needed to consider something alive? • 1) Require food for energy • 2) Use energy to maintain homeostasis • 3) Respond to stimuli • 4) Grow and develop • 5) Reproduce similar offspring • 6) Ability to pass genetic information • 7) Made of cells

6. What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? • Prokaryote-No membrane bound organelles. Only bacteria are considered prokaryotes. pg.72 • Eukaryote- Contains membrane bound organelles, including a true nucleus. Cell Comparisons

7. Stem Cell Differentiation How are cells different? • Size: Cells must be small for diffusion. The closer the surface Area/Volume ration the more diffusion. Shape: Fig 4-2. Long, Flat, Branching, etc. • Type of organelles and the number of each kind. (Red blood cells have no nucleus, Animal cells have no cell wall.) • Different types of cells have different needs therefore different structures. What is a stem cell?

8. What is an Organelle? • Part of a cell that performs a job. Like an organ does a job for the body organelles do the same for a cell. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes and Eukaryotic organelles Eukaryotic organelles

9. Which organelles are found in plant cells but not in animal cells? • Plastids such as Chloroplast- capture solar energy for photosynthesis • Cell Wall- Adds structure and support to the cell • Plants also have Centralvacuoles for storing water then animal cells. Classzone Animal Vs. Plant

10. Define the following organelles: Golgi bodies, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Ribosome, and Vacuoles. • Golgi bodies / apparatus- package and distribute lipids and proteins (UPS Store…go gogolgi!) • Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell, transforms energy (ATP)

11. Definitions continued… • Nucleus- contains DNA which controls cellular activities • Ribosomes- rRNA produce proteins, found on the rough ER or in the cytoplasm as free ribosomes. • Vacuoles- store substances such as water.

12. Define the following organelles:Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Rough ER, • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Make Fats such as steroids. • Rough ER: Contain Ribosomes. Package and ship proteins made on Ribosomes.

13. Organelles Continued • Lysosome: Contain Digestive enzymes. Think SOS… • Nucleolus: Ribosomes (rRNA) and other RNA are synthesized. In the nucleus. Great Lysosome Short Movie

14. Define the following organelles • Flagella: Whip like structure made of microtubules. Few in number and long. • Cilia: numerous short hair-like structures. Also made of Microtublules. Flagella and Cillia Video Clip Very Good!

15. In the plant cell, in which cell part does cellular respiration occur? • A) • B) • C) • D) • Answer: A Mitochondria Organelle Review Link Organelle Self-Quiz

16. Review: Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things? • A) Cellular Structure • B) Nervous System • C) Chlorophyll • D) Hemoglobin • Answer: A

17. Review: What is homeostasis? • Maintenance of internal equilibrium • Example: Body to returning to normal temperature (98.7) after a fever.

18. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts: • .

19. Why are Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group? • Function: involved in almost everything • enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) • structure (keratin, collagen) • carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin) • cell communication • signals(insulin & other hormones) • receptors • defense (antibodies) • movement (actin & myosin) • storage (bean seed proteins)

20. H2O How are Proteins structured? • monomer =amino acids • 20 different amino acids • polymer =polypeptide • protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded & bonded together • large & complex molecules • complex 3-D shape hemoglobin RuBisCO

21. Sickle cell anaemia Just 1out of 146amino acids! I’mhydrophilic! But I’mhydrophobic!

22. What is Metabolism? • Chemical reactions of life • forming bonds between molecules • dehydration synthesis • synthesis • anabolic reactions • breaking bonds between molecules • hydrolysis • digestion • catabolic reactions That’s why they’re calledanabolic steroids!

23. enzyme enzyme + H2O Examples of Metabolic Processes • dehydration synthesis (synthesis) + H2O • hydrolysis (digestion)

24. What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic? Where are they used? • Some chemical reactions release energy • exergonic • digesting polymers • hydrolysis = catabolism • Some chemical reactions require input of energy • endergonic • building polymers • dehydration synthesis = anabolism digesting molecules= LESS organization=lower energy state building molecules= MORE organization=higher energy state

25. Too much activation energy for life • Activation energy • amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule • moves the reaction over an “energy hill” Not a match!That’s too much energy to exposeliving cells to! glucose

26. What Factors Affect Enzyme Function? • Enzyme concentration • Substrate concentration • Temperature • pH • Salinity • Activators • Inhibitors catalase

27. What happens as we increase Enzyme concentration? What’shappening here?! reaction rate enzyme concentration

28. reaction rate substrate concentration Factors affecting enzyme function • Substrate concentration • as  substrate =  reaction rate • more substrate = more frequently collide with enzyme • reaction rate levels off • all enzymes have active site engaged • enzyme is saturated • maximum rate of reaction

29. How do we Reduce Activation energy? • Catalysts • reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction Pheeew…that takes a lotless energy! uncatalyzed reaction catalyzed reaction NEW activation energy reactant product

30. What is a Catalyst? • So what’s a cell got to do to reduce activation energy? • get help! … chemical help… ENZYMES Call in the ENZYMES! G

31. What is an Enzyme? • Biological catalysts • proteins (& RNA) • facilitate chemical reactions • increase rate of reaction without being consumed • reduce activation energy • don’t change free energy (G) released or required • required for most biological reactions • highly specific • thousands of different enzymes in cells • control reactionsof life

32. What are the properties of enzymes? • Reaction specific • each enzyme works with a specific substrate • chemical fit between active site & substrate • H bonds & ionic bonds • Not consumed in reaction • single enzyme molecule can catalyze thousands or more reactions per second • enzymes unaffected by the reaction • Affected by cellular conditions • any condition that affects protein structure • temperature, pH, salinity

33. Induced fit model • More accurate model of enzyme action • 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate • substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit • “conformational change” • bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction

34. How does it work? • Variety of mechanisms to lower activation energy & speed up reaction • synthesis • active site orients substrates in correct position for reaction • enzyme brings substrate closer together • digestion • active site binds substrate & puts stress on bonds that must be broken, making it easier to separate molecules

35. What Factors Affect Enzyme Function? • Enzyme concentration • Substrate concentration • Temperature • pH • Salinity • Activators • Inhibitors catalase

36. What is a Buffer? • Chemical substances that neutralizes small amounts of an acid or base added to a solution. • Why are these important to your body?

37. Ph Scale • Measured on grams of Hydrogen (H+) • pH of 1= 1g of H+, pH of 2= .01g of H+ • Acid: form hydronium ions (H+) • pH of less than 7 ( 1 to 6.9) • Base: form hydroxide ions (OH-) • pH of more than 7 (7.1 to 14) • Acid + Base: salt & water, the solution is neutral with a pH of 7. • NaOH + HCL = H2O + NaCl with a pH of 7

38. Atoms • Three major parts. • Protons:Positive Charge. Inside Nucleus • Neutrons: Neutral Charge. Inside Nucleus: • Electrons: Negative Charge. Outside Nucleus • 2 electrons in first shell • 8 electrons in the second shell • Eight is Great! Will not React with other atoms. • If the outer shell is not full it will react.

39. Combining Chemicals Periodic Table Bonding • Compound: When two or more different elements combine. • Hydrogen Bond: H2O • When hydrogen bonds with another atom. Creates a polar molecule. • Covalent bond: CO2 • When atoms on the same side of the chart (same size) bond. Share electrons. • Both Hydrogen and Covalent bonds form molecules, ionic bonds do not. Ionic/ Covalent Bonds

40. Combining Chemicals continued • Ionic Bonds: When atoms on different sides of the chart (different size) bond. Steal electrons. Create Ions. Make teeth and bones. • Ion: Charged particle either negative or positive. NaCl = table salt • Free Radical: Electrically charged ion with an unpaired electron in its outer shell.

41. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules. • .

42. Organic Compounds: C-H • Lipids: Fats long term energy storage • Have very few oxygen atoms • Saturated fats: All C bonded to H. Lard, and butter. • Unsaturated fats: C is double bonded to itself. Oil. Lipids

43. Organic Compounds: C-H Carbohydrates • Carbohydrate: fast energy • made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. 1:2:1 proportion. Sacchar = sugar • Monosaccharides:C6H12O6, glucose, fructose, & glactose • Disaccharides: 2 sacchar’s: Sucrose, table sugar • Polysaccharides: Many sacchar’s: Cellulose (wood) and starch.

44. Organic Compounds:All organic compounds contain Carbon. • Protein: the working molecule • 50 or more Amino Acids make a protein • Types of Proteins • Muscle • Enzymes: Control chemical reactions and can be re-used like a key in a lock • Hair Protein

45. Organic Compounds:All organic compounds contain Carbon. • Nucleic Acids: Genetic Instructions • pg. 37 DNA and RNA • Made of nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and X • ATP: energy cells run on. DNA

46. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e. osmosis, diffusion) • .

47. Solution • A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance. • Solute: smaller word, smaller thing • Solvent: bigger word, bigger thing

48. Types of solutions: • Aqueous Solutions: water is the solvent. • Saturated solutions: no more solute can dissolve in the solvent. • Concentration: the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of a solution.

49. The Importance of Water • Polar molecule (it has a negative and positive charge.) • Can dissolve both Ionic and Polar-Covalent molecules • Surface Tension • Cohesion: Sticks to itself. • Adhesion: Like a band-aid. Sticks to stuff • Capillary Action: Climbs up thin tubes transpiration

50. Importance of Water • Evaporates: Cooling, Water cycle, etc • Resists Temperature Change: Takes a lot of energy to heat or cool water • Expands as it Freezes.