Radiological Data for Exercises

1. IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response Radiological Data for Exercises Module L-055 Lecture

2. Objectives • Know what radiological data is needed • Know how radiological data can be generated and the tools that can be used • Know the limitation of those tools • Understand the pros and cons of using real weather during an exercise L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

3. Why is Radiological Data Important? • Because radiological data drives the exercise L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

4. Type of Radiological Data • In-facility • Ambient radiation • Contamination • Air concentrations • Environmental • Ambient radiation • Contamination • Air concentrations • Isotopic data L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

5. Type of Radiological Data (Cont’d) • At the off-site traffic control points • Ambient radiation • Contamination (vehicles and people) • At the reception centre or hospital • Contamination (vehicles and people) • Casualties • Contamination • Dosimeter readings L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

6. Producing Radiological Data (1) • In-facility data: • Simulator • Safety analysis • Shielding models L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

7. Producing Radiological Data (2) • Environmental data • Source term from safety analysis • Customize the release fractions, rate of release and release profile in time to fit the emergency scenario • Use dose projection software to generate doses vs. distance and time • Some software has time-dependent source terms, variable winds, and provides measurable quantities such as dose rates and airborne concentration at any given time • Most do not L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

8. Producing Radiological Data (3) • Environmental data (cont’d) • If the release profile is known, dose projections can be converted to dose rates, instantaneous airborne concentrations, ground shine and ground contamination • Dose rates and airborne concentrations can be converted to instrument readings • Using instrument specifications and sampling procedures as guides • Random elements introduced in the software L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

9. Producing Radiological Data (4) • People and vehicle contamination • Use arbitrary values • Requires some judgement • Contamination level depends on location and duration of stay or travel L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

10. Producing Radiological Data (5) • Dosimetry • Most difficult values to simulate • Depends on type location profile of each individual • Can be simulated to cause key events • e.g. Report of a dose greater than 5 mSv to force staff rotation • For free play, integrate based on dose rate data • If dose control is a major objective, have an individual or a team dedicated to the simulation of dose readings L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

11. How to Present Radiological Data (1) • In-station radiological data: • Colour-coded layout of the station • Discrete time intervals L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

12. Secondary control equipment room SCINTREX tritium 200mSv/h < DR 100mSv/h < DR < 200mSv/h 50mSv/h < DR < 100mSv/h 10mSv/h < DR < 50mSv/h 5mSv/h < DR < 10mSv/h Reactor building 1mSv/h < DR < 5 mSv/h Cable access DR < 1mSv/h tunnel Spent resin Spent fuel bay storage tanks Cooling and purification Personnel Deuteration and Airlock D2O dedeuteration Supply tanks Emergency core Liquid waste cooling pumps Zone 3 Moderator Shield MM shop purification cooling Active D2O Management stores Dryers How to Present Radiological Data (2) L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

13. How to Present Radiological Data (3) • Environmental data • There are several ways. Two are presented as examples • Method 1: one map of relevant data for each time interval • Method 2: single map of integrated plume trajectory coupled with time-dependent tables • Colour codes can be used but may be difficult to reproduce L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

14. Map (1) L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

15. Dose (micro Sv/h) vs time Reference 6:30 6:35 6:40 6:45 6:50 6:55 7:00 7:05 7:10 7:15 7:20 7:25 7:30 Zone #1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Zone #2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 Zone #3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 Pole #46 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Pole #49 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Pole #51 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Pole #58 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Pole #63 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Pole #100 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Pole #101 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 Pole #102 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Table (2) 0.1 0.1 0.1 Pole #103 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 Pole #104 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 Pole #105 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Pole #106 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 Pole #107 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Pole #108 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 South Musquash 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

16. Some programs allow real-time simulation of dose rate and contamination data Real-time software L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

17. How to Present Radiological Data (4) • Contamination data: • At fixed points: table of values vs. time • Large areas: maps or layouts for each major time interval • Persons and vehicles: pictures L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

18. Contamination Data L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

19. Contamination Data (Cont’d) 20 - 25 cps 15 - 20 cps 10 - 15 cps 5 - 10 cps L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

20. Contamination Data (Cont’d) L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

21. How to Present Radiological Data (5) • Isotopic data: • Reverse-engineered to fit the dispersion and dose projection results • Provide isotopic concentration tables or spectrum L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

22. How To Read The Data • Provide the data when requested and when deserved • Avoid showing time dependent graphs all at once • If you make a mistake, admit it and provide the right number • All field controllers who are responsible for supplying radiological data must be well trained on how to provide that data L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

23. Limitations of Tools • Not always realistic • Some judgment and interpretation by the controllers necessary • Difficult to account for wind variability • However, these limitations are not significant given that the aim is to exercise the relationship between surveys and decision-making L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

24. Real or Simulated Weather? • Simulated weather • Easier to produce the radiological data • Easier to control the exercise • Introduces artificiality • Real weather • Better test of the coordination between weather and survey teams • More realistic • Cannot pre-set the radiological survey injects • Requires calculations “on the fly” • Requires an extremely good coordination within the control team L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises

25. Summary • Radiological data is the core of the exercise data • Several parameters required, although not all of them may be necessary for a single exercise • The development of radiological data requires extensive analysis work • The provision of radiological data requires experienced and trained controllers • Real weather is better than simulated, but much more difficult to manage L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises