TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS

1. TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS • A world with no government is called anarchy • Democratic Governments • Democracy = rule by the people This is the USA • Direct democracy = all citizens meet together in one place to make decisions and laws • Representative democracy=citizens elect representatives to make decisions and laws FOR them This is the USA • also called a Republic

2. TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS • Monarchial Governments • Monarchy = rule by a king or queen, where power is inherited • Absolute monarchy = king/queen has ALL of the power and control • Limited/Constitutional monarchy = king/queen’s power is limited by the people

3. England: Constitutional Monarchy • Queen (and her immediate family) are limited to official, and ceremonial duties, such as bestowing honors, and appointing the Prime Minister.

4. TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS • “Other” Governments • Dictatorship = ONE ruler has complete power over the people and the gov’t • Also called an autocracy or totalitarian government • Ex: Hitler • Oligarchy=rule by a few • Aristocracy: ruled by a few (a wealthy few)

5. Theocracy • = gov’t is controlled by a religious leader who believes the “theory” that God gave him the power to rule • Ex: Iran (the Middle East) 6. Critical Thinking: Why can’t the US be a theocracy?

6. III. Early Colonial Examples of Democracy • New England Town Meetings=people in NE (New England) gathered in one place to make laws together B. Virginia House of Burgesses=the first representative legislature in the colonies where people sent a representative from their region to make laws/decisions for them

7. 5. Categories: Sort the terms into the correct box below.

8. E. Maryland Toleration Act=the first act (law) that guaranteed freedom and tolerance for all Christian religions (Baptist, Methodist, Catholic, Protestant)

9. Colonies

10. A. WHO CAME AND WHYNorth East: Puritans and pilgrims, 2 religious groups, came over on the Mayflower to escape the Church of England to set up their own church.Eventually, the Puritans kicked out everybody who did not follow their church.New Englanders lived in small villages where everyone lived close together. They held town meetings to discuss business and make decisions.

11. Middle: Catholics and Quakers come to live here because they are not allowed in the North. --> Religious tolerance is set up South: Wealthy men came to buy property to make money through agriculture

12. B. CLIMATENorth East: Cold weather, bad soil for farming but lots of treesMiddle: Mild weather, good soil for growing wheat, barley, and ryeSouth: Hot weather, fertile (great) soil for growing crops, long growing season

13. C. ECONOMY (how people made money)North East: Shipbuilding and manufacturing Boston Harbor: then & now

14. D. HOW PEOPLE LIVEDNorth East: People lived close together, religion was really important 12. What type of democracy did the NE colonies have, direct or representative? How do you know? Salem Witch Trials: at least 20 hanged for crimes of witchcraft

15. Middle:People lived farther apart but sent others to represent them in local governmentsSouth:Landowners own slaves who pick the cash crops on their plantation. 13. What type of democracy did the Middle colonies have, direct or representative? How do you know?

16. Triangular Trade 3) Sugar, Cotton, Tobacco EUROPE (England) AMERICAS 1) Textiles, rum, guns, pots & pans 2) Slaves “MIDDLE PASSAGE” AFRICA

17. Cause Colonists could NOT move west of the Appalachian Mountains. Why? British want to contain the colonists so they were easier to control British want to appease the Native Americans 1. Proclamation of 1763 4. Why would the colonists be mad about the Proclamation of 1763? • Effect • Colonists were “stuck” on the East Coast

18. 3. QUARTERING ACT In 1765, Britain forced colonists to house British soldiers in their homes even if they didn’t want them to. Effect: Colonists did not want the soldiers in their homes but did NOT want to get in trouble with them.

19. 4. Stamp Act In 1765, Britain put a tax on all documents such as newspapers, letters, and playing cards Effect: The colonists create the Stamp Act Congress to fight against the Stamp Act. The phrase “no taxation without representation” comes from one of the Stamp Act Congress’s leaders. The Stamp Act Congress said that the colonies would boycott British goods until the law was repealed, or taken back.

20. 5. TOWNSHEND ACT • Effect: • This is the first semi-violent reaction of the colonists. • They fight back against British soldiers. • In one incident, British soldiers fired shots into a mob of rowdy colonists, leaving 5 dead and several wounded Britain decided they would tax goods like sugar and tea. The money was to be used to pay British soldiers’ salaries.

21. TOWNSHEND ACT, CNT’D • This event came to be known as the BOSTON MASSACRE • It was called a massacre because the media reported it as a brutal slaying of innocent colonists.

22. “THE BOSTON MASSACRE” 8. Was it really a massacre?

23. 6. TEA ACT In 1773, Britain repealed the Townshend Acts but enacted the Tea Act, which allowed the British East India Company to be the only company to sell tea to the colonists without a tax. Effect: Even though they were getting their tea cheaper, the colonists rejected the British tea. In December of 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty dressed up as Mohawk Native Americans, snuck onto a boat that belonged to the British Tea Company, and threw 342 crates of tea into the Boston Harbor.

24. This event is known as the “Boston Tea Party” • 10. Even though they were getting their tea for cheaper from England, the colonists were angry. Why do you think this is?

25. 7. INTOLERABLE (COERCIVE) ACTS In 1774, as a direct response to the Tea Party, the British enforced these acts, which closed the Boston Harbor and put the city under military rule. Effect: Leading colonists met in Philadelphia in what became known as the FIRST Continental Congress and wrote a list of issues they had with Britain.

26. Additionally, the Revolutionary War begins in 1775 with the “shot heard round the world” in Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts.

27. TREATY OF PARIS WHAT DOES THE KING OF BRITAIN AGREE TO HERE? “His Brittanic Majesty acknowledges the said United States, viz., New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to be free sovereign and independent states, that he treats with them as such, and for himself, his heirs, and successors, relinquishes all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof.”

28. Declaration of Independence

29. Finally, in June of 1776, the Continental Congress asked Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence. It was approved on July 4, 1776.

30. The Declaration of Independence contained 4 main parts: 1. Preamble 2. Natural Rights 3. King's Wrongs (List of Grievances) 4. Independence

31. What is a preamble? • A preamble is an introductory statement. • Introductory part of a constitution or statute. • States the reasons for and intent of the law.

32. Independence & confederation The American Revolution and the Articles of Confederation

33. Strengths of the Articles of Confederation • The national government under the Articles (Confederation Congress) successfully negotiated the Treaty of Paris to end the Revolutionary war and recognized the Mississippi River as America’s western border.

34. Strengths of the Articles • The Confederation Congress also solved the problem of how to divide up the land in the Northwest Territory and admit new states • They did this using the: • Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787 • The Northwest Land Ordinance decided that land in the Northwest Territory would be divided into 10 new states. The national government would sell the land to raise money to pay for the Revolutionary War. • This set a precedent for how USA would expand westward.

35. Weaknesses of the • Articles of Confederation • We mostly remember the Articles of Confederation because it did a bad job running the United States. The Articles did not give the national government enough power because the colonists were scared the government would end up like the British King.

36. Central (national) Government 1777 - Articles of Confederation State State State State State State State State State State State State State • State governments have most of the power. • Central (National) Government is weak

37. Weaknesses of the Articles • The Articles gave all the power to ONE branch, the Legislative branch. This branch only had the power to make the laws. • There was NO court system or judicial branch to interpret the laws. • There was NO president or executive branch to enforce the laws

38. Weaknesses of the Articles One of the biggest examples of the weaknesses of the Articles was Shays’ Rebellion, which took place in Massachusetts. When a group of farmers rioted about a proposed tax, there was no strong national army in place to calm it down.

39. Central Government could not: Regulate trade Force citizens to join the army Pass laws or enforce laws already in place Collect taxes States were not required to contribute Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

40. We need a CONSTITUTION!

41. 1. What were the new powers the Constitution had that the AOC DID NOT have? C-COLLECT taxes A-force citizens to join the ARMY T- Regulate TRADE 2. Predict: Do you think it was easy for the states to compromise or not? Why or why not? The Constitution was written in 1787 to make the national government STRONG by 1. Giving it more powers 2. Creating 3 branches of government The Constitution was not officially approved by all 13 states until 1790. After COMPROMISES had to be made

42. The Constitution is the Solution! With your partner, discuss a compromise for the four questions listed on the slides below. Write your responses on a sheet of lined paper to turn in to me! You have 10 minutes =) Should each state have the same number of representatives in Congress? Consider: do all states have the same size population?

43. Virginia Plan This plan proposed three separate branches of government and a bicameral (2 house) legislature where representation will be based upon states population or money contributions.

44. New Jersey Plan • This plan proposed a one-house national legislature with representatives selected by state legislatures. Each state will be able to cast one vote.

45. Compromise: The Great Compromise=bicameral legislature US Senate= -100 members -equal representation -based on the New Jersey plan US House of Representatives= -435 members -representation based on population -based on the Virginia plan Bicameral= 2 houses

46. The Constitution is the Solution! With your partner, discuss a compromise for the four questions listed on the slide below. Write your responses on a sheet of lined paper to turn in to me! You have 10 minutes =) 2. Should we keep slavery or get rid of it? Consider: should the government control moral values and how states make money?

47. III. Debate #2: Slavery Q: Should we keep slavery or get rid of it? Northern States vs. Southern States • 9. Predict the region:

48. Compromise: The Slave Trade Compromise= Slavery will end 20 years 10. Why do you think they made the Slave Trade Compromise?

49. The Constitution is the Solution! With your partner, discuss a compromise for the four questions listed on the slide below. Write your responses on a sheet of lined paper to turn in to me! You have 10 minutes =) 3. Should slaves be counted as “real people” when determining the population of a state? Consider: were slaves human or property, and did they have the same rights as citizens? Did large states or small states have slaves?

50. Compromise: The 3/5 Compromise= Slaves will count as 3/5ths of a regular “white” person 5 slaves = 3 people for the House of Representatives 11. Would northern or southern states prefer to count slaves towards representation in the HoR? Why? Does this seem strange?