1. Lichens and air quality Lycée Agrotech, Lesneven

2. What is a lichen ? • Where do they live ? • Different sorts of lichen • Classify and recognize lichens • How do lichen reproduce ? • Lichens as air quality indicators

3. What is a lichen ? A lichen is a living organism formed by a durable association of a fungus and an algae named « symbiosis » This association is usefull for both partners : the algae gives to the fungus nutriments from photosynthesis and the fungus gives a surface to the algae , minerals and protection against dehydration Some other examples or symbiosis : orchids, bacteria in cows'stomac or alfalfa

4. Lichens are very special in vegetal wildlife since they have no leaves, no root, nor trunk. The structure's name is « thalle ». Ramalina sp and Xanthoria parietina Rhizocarpon geographicum

5. - The algi gives vitamins, proteins, sugars - The fungi protects and stocks water in its membrane, it can transfer water to the algi. - Minerals come from dusts et solved salts in water

6. Growth of lichens is very slow, from 0,1 to 10 mm per year. In a very few case centimeters in a year. Growth is slower in winter than in summer, and faster on rich substratum. Lichens can be about tens years old for foliated lichens to centuries for big one. Some years for this one on the left, but tens of years for this big lichen on the right

7. Algae fungus Symbiotic discovery was made by a swiss botanist Simon Schwendener ; his ideas were rejected, as well as those of the english writer and drawer Béatrix Potter.

8. Where do they live ? Because of this symbiotic association, lichens are able to live in every environments even the most unlikely. They also are able to put up with the most extremely conditions . Besides, they do not need a ground to grow Be careful since you could think that this old chewing-gum on the left is a lichen !

9. Old walls and trees (specially fruit trees) can be covered by lichens Chapelle Notre-Dame in Châteaulin

10. Apple tree Birch Blackthorn

11. Lichens are the first plants in every environment, from forests to cities, and in every climates or latitude. • Lichen distribution varies with several condition factors : • Water • Light • Temperature • Wind conditions • Ground nature

12. Some lichens are epiphytal and live in only one kind of bark, depending of physical and chemical conditions such as pH (mesure of acidity). Cladonia on an old stump. Beech bark covered by lichen.

13. trier et classer les lichens d'après leur morphologie Different sorts of lichen It is possible to sort out and classify lichens depending of their morphology Thalle joined On all the surface Thalle not joined on all the surface Lichen crustacé Thalle with branches Thalle with leaves Lichen fruticuleux Lichen foliacé

14. Classify and name lichen lichens crustacés: sticked to the rock or the tree specie n°1 specie n°4 specie n°5 specie n°2 specie n°3

15. Lichens fruticuleux: they look like trees with small branches

16. Lichens foliacés : they are sticked to the rock or the tree with several points but we can take them off

17. lichens foliacés can be identify by their colour : Grey

18. Yellow

19. Brown

20. How do the lichen reproduce ? Two ways : - Scattering of small pieces of lichen - Scattering of fungus’spores Lichen crustacé in reproducing period

21. Only the fugus is able to reproduce sexually. Fungus’spores come from apothecies, often very coloured. Spores are scattered by the wind, they will germinate if they meet the right algae and the good conditions.

22. Lichens : air quality indicators Lichens take all their nutriments form the air et by this way they are very sensitive to air pollution . Because they live during a very long time, they can help us to know and follow air pollution for a long period... The most sensitive to air pollution are fructiculeux, the less sensitive are the crustacés. So, if you find fructiculeux in your area, that means that the air of your place is not polluted.

23. Usnées growing on trees are the most sensitive to air pollution. . If you find so many lichens, that means that the air is very good and not polluted.

24. Lichens are very usefull to know more about acids pollution (nitrogen dioxydes and sulfur dioxydes) Sulfur dioxydes can give acid rains that are responsible of lichen disparition. Near the roads, there are not a lot of lichens and only a few sorts of lichens.

25. Lichens are also able to accumulate some products such as heavy metals, pesticides and all organics polluants, which come from human activities

26. The presence, the absence or abundance level of some species allow us to evaluate the air quality even in very small areas.

27. Lichens play a very important part in ecosystems, some insects feed with them (like plecopters which are very good water quality indicators !) A lot of insects use lichens, such as this butterfly using it to hide from predators

28. As well as a lot of other species, animals or plants, lichens are very good bio- indicators and they give us information about a fundamental life indicator : the air It ‘s up to us to look at them and react if they disappear !!

29. Finistère • 6755 km2 • 800 Km of sea coast • Highest point : Roc’h ruz 385 m • 283 boroughs • 863026 inhabitants • Major cities : Brest, Quimper, Morlaix

30. Lesneven ( school) Brest Brennilis Châteaulin

31. CHATEAULIN : Place n°1 : downtown and along a high traffic road. Place n°2 : outskirts of the city in almost natural spaces (gardens, wooded embankments, orchards) .

32. Tree n°1 : (maple -érable sycomore ) placed on the wooded hill between two high traffic roads.

33. Tree n°2 : ( maple- érable in line ) placed between the river Aulne and a high traffic road .

34. Tree n°3 : ( Lime-Tilleul ) placed downtown between a car park and the river Aulne.

35. Place n°2 Châteaulin Tree n°1 : ( Birch- Bouleau ) placed in a garden down in a small valley .

36. Tree n°2 : ( Ash- Frêne ) placed on a wooded hill along the railway

37. Tree n°3 : (Oak- Chêne pédonculé) placed in a wooded area in outskirts of the city

39. BRENNILIS Place n°1 : around the old nuclear factory and gas turbines Place n°2 : in the grove and peat-bog around the lake.

40. Brennilis : Place n°1 Tree n°1 : Oak- Chêne pédonculé placed near the nuclear factory’s dome and close to a road

41. Tree n°2 : placed between the old dome and gas turbines

42. Tree n°3 : Maple-érable placed 50 meters far from gas turbines

43. Brennilis : Place n°2 Tree n°1 : (Oak- Chêne) alone on the edge of the St Michel lake

44. Tree n°2 : ( Oak-Chêne) placed on the embankment on the edge of a small cereals’field

45. Tree n°3 : placed in a fallow on the edge of a peat-bog and a meadow

47. Brest Place n°1 : in the outskirts of the industrial area of the city Place n°2 : in an urban park

48. The first site in on the edge of the Spernot incinerating factory Students mesuring a maple circumference

49. Three maples in line on the edge of avenues and factory were choosen for the study.

50. Vallon of Stangalach : botanic garden of Brest National Conservatory, a protected area in the city.