1 / 35

America at Mid-Century 1952-1963

America at Mid-Century 1952-1963. AP U.S. History. President Eisenhower (1952-1960). Harmonious relationship between government and business. Leads to problems with the environment (oil in wetlands, DDT, toxic chemicals used in manufacturing). “Middle of the road.” Very bland.

cael
Télécharger la présentation

America at Mid-Century 1952-1963

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. America at Mid-Century1952-1963 AP U.S. History

  2. President Eisenhower (1952-1960) • Harmonious relationship between government and business. • Leads to problems with the environment (oil in wetlands, DDT, toxic chemicals used in manufacturing). • “Middle of the road.” Very bland. • Accepted new deal legacy of social welfare. • Refuse to cut taxes or increase spending . • Promotes low inflation. • Real wages rise 20%.

  3. Suburbanites • FHA (Fed. Housing Admin)-Provides affordable housing to suburbs. • Promoted segregation. • Levittown, Long Island (1947) • Suburban Life • Domestic ideal for nuclear family. • Feminine Mystique (1963) Betty Freidan revives feminist movement and articulates what a housewife needs versus conforming. • Oppose social activism. • 1950’s ¾’s of suburbanites identify with a church.

  4. The Growth of the Suburbs, 1950–1970

  5. The Beats • Culture controlled by TV, movies and governments fear of communism, manipulating behavior. • Young are tired of conforming. • Beats: Kerouac, Burroughs, and Ginsberg. • Group of writers • Open sexuality, drug use, exploration of life. • “Beatniks”. Term for boys dressed in all black acting out their hatred of society.

  6. Cold War Continued… • “New Look” foreign affairs. • More bang for your buck. • Rely on nuclear rather then man force. • Nuclear weapons are less expensive. • Stalin dies in 1953. • Nikita Khrushchev reveals Stalin’s crimes in 1956. • Soviets suspend nuclear testing. • Eisenhower and Khrushchev get a long. • Talk about unifying Germany and opening markets. • May, 1960: Soviets shoot down Francis Gary Powers and his U-2 spy plane. • Taking pics. of Soviet Military bases • October, 1959: Soviets launch Sputnik. • Are the Soviets superior?

  7. CIA: Covert Operations • Soviets: destabilize emerging third world nations. • Operations in Asia, Africa and Caribbean. • CIA Director: Alan Dulles. • Organize payments to political parties, or labor unions against socialists or communists. • Destroy anti-capitalist movements around the world.

  8. The U.S. in the Caribbean, 1948–1966

  9. CIA: Interventions • Iran: Overthrows popular government (1953). • Mossadegh nationalized oil company. (owned by Iran Gov.) • CIA funded overthrow and replaced with Riza Shah Pahlavi. • American companies get 40 % of oil contracts. • Israel and Arab tensions. • Israel is recognized by USSR and US in 1948. • Guatemala: Land reform. • 2% of population owns 75% of land. • CIA spends $7M training rebels in Honduras. • CIA trained military invades and Guatemalans seize the United Fruit Company and land. • Guatemalans beg for UN intervention. • Eisenhower denies involvement.

  10. CIA: Interventions • Vietnam (1950-1954): $2.6B spent against Vietminh movement led by Communist Ho Chi Minh.( want independence from France) • France is losing battle (was a colony). • Eisenhower does not want to send troops but he fears domino theory. • France surrenders and Vietnam is divided at 17th parallel • Geneva Conventions (1956) call for a unified Vietnam. • South Vietnam is 90% Buddhist. • Ngo Dinh Diem (Catholic) is Ho’s opposition. • Ho Chi Minh will win elections. • Diem does not allow elections • 1954 create SEATO • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization • Dominated by U.S. • France, GB, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines.

  11. Election of 1960 • Democrats: John F. Kennedy • 42 years old. • 2nd Catholic candidate to run for president. • 1st: Al Smith 1928 • Liberalism and idealism. • WWII veteran. • Lyndon B Johnson is running mate. • Republicans: V.P. Richard M. Nixon. • Complete opposites in look and rhetoric. • First televised presidential debate. • Nixon looks nervous and washed and JFK looks tan, relaxed and friendly. • Promises to keep church and state separate • Closest election since 1884: JFK won by a little more than 100,000 votes.

  12. The Election of 1960

  13. JFK: “New Frontier” • First celebrity president (Camelot: administration). • New Frontier domestic agenda • Higher minimum wage, federal aid for education, social security benefits, medical care for elderly, public housing and antipoverty measures. • Struggles to get Congress to work w/ him. • Increase min. wage to $1.25. • $5B for public housing. • Founded the Peace Corps • Revive women’s rights. • Fight discrimination of women in the workforce and inadequacy of day care. • Commits money to space program. • NASA had been established under Eisenhower in response to Sputnik. • $33B before reaching the moon in 1969. • Legacy: Strengthening Executive Branch.

  14. JFK: The Cold War • Move from aggressive containment to easing soviet-US relations. • Secretary of Defense: Robert McNamara. promoted weapon buying & increased military • Increase defense spending from $43B to $56B between 1960-62. • Used Army’s Special Forces (Green Berets) versus third world guerillas. • Greater flexibility to conduct foreign policy in secret and quickly.

  15. Vietnam Continued • Rise in support of Diem (catholic) in 1963. • Buddhist: Protest repressive rule. • Alliance for Progress • 10 year plan giving Latin America $100B to spur economic development and capitalism. • Marshall plan for South America. • Helps dictators.

  16. Cuba & The Bay of Pigs • Cuban Revolution (1959) installed Fidel Castro. • U.S. had controlled the oil production, mines, and half of the RR’s and sugar and cattle industries since 1905. • Havana: Attractive tourist spot. • Castro: land reforms and nationalization of industries. • U.S. pulls aid. • Fidel turns to Soviets • U.S. has boycotted Cuba since 1960. • U.S. Secretly arm Cuban exiles and train them (Eisenhower). • 1400 counterrevolutionaries invade country with CIA help and land at Bay of Pigs. • Defeated, U.S. denies involvement. • CIA failed to understand Cuban Revolution. (people like Castro) • Strengthened Castro’s standing. • Kennedy finally takes blame. • At least eight attempts are made against Castro’s life by CIA – he says 637 times.

  17. The Cuban Question

  18. Cuban Missile Crisis-1962 • Epitome of brinkmanship: The brink of nuclear world war. • Khrushchev (1956) makes a speech to western diplomats visiting stating, “Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you. Of course we will not bury you with a shovel. Your own working class will bury you.” • In the U.S. at the UN General Assembly, Oct. 12, 1960, Khrushchev bangs his shoe on the desk in defiance of capitalist policies.

  19. Cuban Missile Crisis-1962 • Castro asks Khrushchev for protection. • USSR ships Cuba sophisticated weapons (including Intermediate range nuclear missiles). • U-2 spy plane sees missiles. • Sec. of Defense McNamara: It is a domestic & political problem. • It is a slap in the face. • Oct. 22: JFK tells public about missiles and orders blockade of Cuba. • Requests emergency meeting of UN Security Council. • Any missile launched from Cuba would bring a full retaliation ON USSR.

  20. Cuban Missile Crisis-1962 • For one week the American public thinks we could all be destroyed. • Oct. 26: Khrushchev orders 25 ships going to Cuba to return to USSR thus avoiding confrontation. • Offers to removes all missiles if we promise not to invade Cuba. • Then he demands we remove missiles from Turkey. • Nov. 20: Missiles are officially removed, we pledge Cuban sovereignty and promise not to invade.

  21. Lessons from Cuban Crisis • Soviets begin largest build up of missiles ever. • Set up a hotline to permit instant communication between U.S. & USSR. • Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • Signed by U.S., GB and USSR. • No nuclear tests above ground, in water or outer space. • Underground testing continues. • Treaty is merely symbolic.

  22. Assassination • Dallas, Nov. 22, 1963. • Lee Harvey Oswald is caught quickly and then shot the next day by Jack Ruby. • Many Americans doubt the findings of the Warren Commission. (One bullet killed him) • 1979 House committee concludes there was more than one gunman but FBI disputes findings. • Magic Bullet? • Into TX Gov. John Connally • Cuban Connection? • CIA, FBI & State Department? • Mafia? • LBJ is sworn in as president.

More Related