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Inside a Cell

Inside a Cell. A Tour of the Chromosomes. Humans, giraffes, chickens, gorillas or watermelons are made of. c ells. Inside every cell is. a nucleus. Inside every nucleus there are. chromosomes. In humans there are. 46 chromosomes in all BODY cells. 23 chromosomes in all SEX cells.

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Inside a Cell

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  1. Inside a Cell A Tour of the Chromosomes

  2. Humans, giraffes, chickens, gorillas or watermelons are made of cells

  3. Inside every cell is a nucleus

  4. Inside every nucleus there are chromosomes

  5. In humans there are 46 chromosomes in all BODY cells 23 chromosomes in all SEX cells Testes contain sperm cells (23 chromosomes) Ovaries contain egg cells (23 chromosomes) (23 pairs) (23 single chromosomes)

  6. In cats there are ...and in the sex cells?????? 38 chromosomes in all body cells 19 chromosomes in all sex cells

  7. Why would sex cells have half the number of chromosomes as body cells? This is perfect! I have 19 chromosomes in my egg cells as well. Together we can make a new kitten 1 cell big .... with 38 chromosomes!! I only have 19 chromosomes in my sperm cells to give, my love!

  8. Summarize What you have learned so far…

  9. Summary of Chromosomes • A cat has 38 chromosomes in all body cells but 19 (half the amount) in its sex cells. Sex cells are called sperm cells in males and egg cells in females. *Some organisms have male and female parts on the same organism • The number of chromosomes varies depending on the organism *chromosomes contain tightly wound DNA. When you uncoil it you can see the double helix.

  10. Complete Worksheet Sex Cells Body Cells

  11. Each chromosome is made of DNA

  12. DNA • is Deoxyribonucleic acid • In one chromosome there is about 2 meters of DNA (in a human body there are 3 trillion cells so there is 10-20 billion miles of DNA) • That’s from here to Pluto 20 times + back 20 times

  13. Scientists Who Discovered DNA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VegLVn_1oCE&safe=active • Watson was a _________________. Crick was a __________________. They worked at Cambridge University in England. • What did Rosalyn Franklin contribute to the discovery of DNA? • What is the structure of DNA?

  14. Structure of DNA •  Describe the structure of DNA.

  15. Structure of DNA •  Describe the structure of DNA. • Double helix (twisted ladder) • Small sections of your DNA are your genes which determine your traits. • Phosphate and sugar “backbone” • 4 nitrogen bases • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) A & T always pair together • Cytosine (C) • Guanine (G) C & G always pair together

  16. DNA • holds the genetic codes that determine your traits (hair color, eye color, height, probability for certain diseases) • can be mutated • holds information for directing all cell activities!!

  17. DNA has to be copied to all new cells. How does this happen? • DNA (and all other cell parts) are “photocopied by MITOSIS!!!!!!!!! Watch this mitosis video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-G-3BDlnK58 Mitosis helps you *grow new cells *replace injured/damaged cells

  18. Answers to “The Cell Cycle” • Reproduce cells • Interphase, chromatin, chromosome • Mitosis • Prophase, disappear, spindle fibers, double stranded chromosome (called centromere) • Metaphase, line (middle) • Anaphase, contract, apart, opposite sides • Telophase, DNA, spindle fibers, nuclear membrane, chromatin Cytoplasmic Division -sets of DNA, cell membrane, cell plate Daughter cells, begins again

  19. To accomplish today….(period 2) • Homework • Survey at least 20 people for 4 traits. Record results. • Create a bar graph (see p. 588) • Answer 3 questions on “Reading Human Blueprint” • In-class • Onion cell mitosis (hand in as you finish) • Mitosis Project due: Friday Sept 27

  20. 9-4 Projects for Friday, Tuesday Oct 1, Wednesday Oct 3 • Victor-story • Cyril Garry Alex – ppt • Kenny Milan Peter-ppt • Ella, Rachel – animation part 1, news report IPAD • Harleen,Prasansa-music video- SMARTBOARD PROJECTS FOR TUESDAY, OCT 1 • Falicity, Emily, Josh – candy poster CANDY • Muge, Kirndip, Somin-3D model • Owen, Vincent, Daniel, Devon – animation - song (live) WEDS Shirliz, Bacy, Noelle, Melina – video WEDS

  21. Friday Sept 27, 2013 9-4 • Review “Onion Cell Mitosis” • Hand in bar graphs (with chart) AND 3 questions ON SEPARATE PAPER!! • Homologous Chromosomes • Homework: Patterns in Human Traits • Overdue work • Tuesday is Lab B (Day 3) • TEST-Fri Oct 4 -Weds Oct 9

  22. Friday Sept 27, 2013 9-9 • Hand in bar graphs (with chart) AND 3 questions ON SEPARATE PAPER!! Today • Homologous Chromosomes • Homework: Patterns in Human Traits • Overdue work • Quiz Wednesday (day 3, 3 periods) *Mitosis (higher level) *DNA Structure *Patterns in Human Traits • TEST-Mon Oct 7

  23. Project Schedule for Next Week 9-9 • Tuesday Oct 1 • Wednesday Oct 2 (triple)

  24. Answers for “Onion Cell Mitosis” 1. metaphase______2. prophase________3. telophase_______4. interphase______5. interphase_______6. interphase_______7. anaphase________8. interphase______9. anaphase______10. interphase______11. metaphase_______12. telophase_______13. interphase____14. prophase_____15. interphase_____16. interphase______17. metaphase_____18. interphase_____ Math Problems 19. What percentage of the cells are in interphase? 8 out of 18 8/18 x 100 = 44% 20. What percentage of the cells are in metaphase? 3 out of 18 3/18 x 100 = 17% 21. A cell spends much more time in interphase than in mitosis. 22. The cell cycle is the continuous cycle of interphase, mitosis and CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION 23. tissue, stomach lining or muscle, organ, lungs or stomach, organ system, digestive system or nervous system.

  25. Genetics • Study of genes • Genes for a certain trait are found on homologous chromosomes • (see handout)

  26. Review: Inside every human body cell’s nucleus….there are 46 chromosomes

  27. Think of the 46 chromosomes instead as 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes For example, chromosomes labelled “1” carry GENES for the same TRAIT

  28. What does it mean to be dominant? • powerful

  29. Genes Determine Your Traits • Raise your hand if you have blue eyes • Keep it raised if you have one brown-eyed parent and one blue-eyed parent • How was your eye color determined? • It was determined by the genes found on your homologous chromosomes. • We call the list of the 2 genes that an organism has for a particular characteristic their GENOTYPE • Geneticists study genotypes

  30. Genotype • 2 letter symbol • Capital letter for the dominant gene and the same letter in lowercase for the recessive gene • Examples: BB, Bb, bb • Example: Genotype for brown eyes BB or Bb • Example: Genotype for blue eyes bb • Example Genotype for free earlobes Ff or FF F dominant f (not dominant) recessive

  31. Dominant & Recessive Genes • When a single characteristic has only 2 traits (“either-or”) traits, we call the traits opposite traits • Refer to the chart in your booklet • A dominant gene is one that functions even when paired with a gene for the opposite trait. • A recessive gene is one that does not function when paired with a gene for the opposite trait. It can only function (show) when it is paired with another recessive gene like itself.

  32. Homozygous and Heterozygous • A person can be homozygous for brown eyes or heterozygous for brown eyes

  33. Writing Genotypes • Refer to your chart • Remember that the dominant gene is written in capital letters • The recessive gene is written in lowercase letters • Write the following genotypes: a) heterozygous brown eyes b) homozygous blue eyes

  34. GREGOR MENDEL (1822-1884)- the “father of genetics”

  35. Mendel’s Observations & Conclusions Observations Conclusions • (A) Tall x tall • (D) Short x short • (C) Tall x short  • (B) Tall x tall

  36. Mendel’s Observations & Conclusions Observations Conclusions All tall pea plants had PURE traits (homozygous tall) All short pea plants had PURE traits (homozygous short) Short is recessive and so tall is dominant (short trait DISAPPEARS) 75% dominant tall and 25% short • (A) Tall x talloffspring tall • (D) Short x short offspring short • (C) Tall x short  offspring tall • (B) Tall x tall offspring ¾ tall, ¼ short

  37. Tall x tall • Short x short • Tall x short • Tall x tall

  38. Mendel’s Contributions: • Alleles- the different forms a gene has for a trait  Examples: If the trait is eye color the alleles are: blue, green, brown

  39. Definitions for... • Variation: • Dominant: • Recessive: • Pure (homozygous) • heterozygous

  40. Definitions for... • Pure (homozygous): • Heterozygous:

  41. Definitions for... • Variation: • Dominant: • Recessive: • Pure (homozygous) • heterozygous

  42. Complete “Writing Genotypes”Complete Review • Josh, Emily – if you are sitting together you need to move!!! • Can a non-tongue roller be HOMOZYGOUS for that trait? (Note: tongue rolling is dominant)

  43. David Beckham

  44. MilosRaonic

  45. Venus Williams

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