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Qualitative Data

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS Transparency and Accountability Program Launch Workshop May 2 – 6, 2011 – Johannesburg, South Africa The Protea Hotel Balalaika ( Sandton ) May 4, 2011 11.00 -13.00 HRS .

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Qualitative Data

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  1. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSISTransparency and Accountability ProgramLaunch WorkshopMay 2 – 6, 2011 – Johannesburg, South AfricaThe Protea Hotel Balalaika (Sandton)May 4, 2011 11.00 -13.00 HRS

  2. This is data generated through the use of qualitative research methods such as in-depth interviews, focus group discussions and observations. Qualitative Data

  3. Possible Data Sets • Filled in Questionnaires (open ended questions) • Notes from In-depth interviews • Notes or transcription from FGDs • Notes from observations • Notes from Document reviews • Narratives

  4. The analysis of qualitative data can be done at a whole range of levels depending on what you want to do with the information. At this stage, we shall deal with the simplest and quickest methods as complex methods are often not necessary for most qualitative research problems. Qualitative data Analysis

  5. Once all the interviews/FGDs have been conducted, and you have the results for each session, it is necessary to look at all of them together and begin to describe the findings that apply to the study as a whole. At the end of this activity, you should have produced a set of results with detailed description of what you believe the results tell you in relation to the study objectives (data analysis plan). Analysis of Transcripts

  6. There are 4 major steps to follow in the analysis of field transcripts: Analysis of individual transcripts Developing Summary Matrices Writing the results Interpretation of results Analysis of Transcripts (cont…)

  7. When the transcripts have been completed (transcribed), you need to read them in several different ways. Read all the transcripts and note your general impressions. Refresh your mind with the objectives while reading through the transcripts. Look for major opinions and attitudes that are expressed by informants or FGD participants. Using the data analysis plan read your transcripts to discover new areas the are important and update the analysis plan Analysis of individual transcripts

  8. Re-read the transcripts to: Mark/label sections of the text that contain information on each of the areas of interest (coding). Use code words to mark the texts. Use the list of the information you require to generate the code words. New code words can be added for new areas not reflected on the original list Remove/cross out any responses that: i) do not make sense; ii) were made simply because others made them; iii) were forced from the study participants by poor moderating/interviewing skills Accordingly, mark texts that you suspect to be inaccurate or of less importance to the study Analysis of individual transcripts (cont)

  9. The final step in reading the transcripts involves using your list of required information (updated data analysis plan) and checking what information you have actually obtained. This will very quickly show you if the interviews/FGDs are yielding the information you set out to gather. Analysis of individual transcripts (cont)

  10. Important Points to Note Some responses may refer to more than one issue or idea. These can be given more than one code word so that the responses can be included in each relevant area. Try not to break down the information you require into categories or codes that are too small. For example, if you are looking at factors impeding adolescents from seeking sexual and reproductive health services, you can code all responses that refer to barriers to access to care as BARRIERS_TO_CARE. However, one could choose to break down the codes as thus: those who don’t seek care due to cost (BARRIER_COST), those who have no transport (BARRIER_TRANSPORT) and so on. Avoid such coding. Otherwise, you will end with so many code words and categories of information that you will still be analyzing transcripts long after the programme plan decisions have already been made! Analysis of individual transcripts (cont)

  11. Points to note Many responses may not fall into neat categories of the information that you have expected to obtain. As you find a response that brings up a new idea or topic that you had not expected, simply code it under a new name and note down that a new idea has been introduced. It is essential to keep a codebook. This is simply a list of all the code words you have used and explanation of what they mean. You can use computer packages such as QSR-Nudist to manage and sort your coded transcript. Analysis of individual transcripts (cont)

  12. A log book is just a place to keep all your responses together according to the topic of interest. In the example on barriers to access to sexual and reproductive health care, you will enter in the log book under BARRIERS_TO_CARE every response that is coded as such in the transcripts. You should enter each and every response in the log book unless it is exactly the same as another. The idea is to retain the full range of responses. As you find responses that are exactly the same, you can begin to tally the amount of times they occur in the columns. By this you are transforming the log book into a summary matrix Log Books/Summary Matrices

  13. Sample of a Summary Matrix

  14. As a first step, develop a bulleted list of ‘interesting’ points emerging out of the summary matrix. At this point, you need to indicate how many FGDs or participants raised a certain issue although most authors do not report these numbers in the final report. Next, make a full write-up of the results using both the bullet points and the notes that you made while reading the transcripts as a whole. This is important because when you take the responses out of the transcript, it is possible to misunderstand the circumstances in which a particular response was made. Writing the Results

  15. Points to note: Writing up the results is really a matter of deciding which responses are important enough to include. You will find that you have a huge amount of information, and you will not want to include it all. Go through the log book and the notes and decide what to keep and what to leave out, which findings to summarise and which quotes to include verbatim in the report. Your report should also include a summary of the various research methods used as well as a profile of participants derived from the initial registration Writing the Results

  16. Before you make your final conclusions and recommendations, share the results and discuss them with the rest of the team (including the field personnel) at length. The key questions to ask the team here are: Do the results really show what common sense tell the research team about the communities visited? What do these results really mean? This careful look at the results by the entire research team helps the researcher to reach valid conclusions and make practical recommendations. Interpretation

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