Malcolm Knowles

1. Malcolm Knowles “The Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy”. The event..the publishing of his book AND what resulted

2. Malcolm Shepherd Knowles (1913 - 1997 • Why him and the book? • Contributed to knowledge base • Wrote the first major accounts of informal adult education and the history of adult education in the United States • Often used and quoted • Creative • What IS the difference?

3. Angela Cyr • : “adults become increasingly independent and self-directing; they accumulate experience that becomes a resource for learning; they orient their formal and informal learning around their social and work roles; and they orient their learning toward performance rather than subject”.

4. Kimeiko Hotta Dover • Accordingly, Knowles suggested that adult educators should: • set a cooperative learning climate • create mechanisms for mutual planning • arrange for a diagnosis of learner needs and interests • enable the formulation of learning objectives based on the diagnosed needs and interests • design sequential activities for achieving the objectives • execute the design by selecting methods, materials, and resources; and • evaluate the quality of the learning experience while re-diagnosing needs for further learning

5. Kevin Kruse • “Adults need to know why they are learning something. They should be told how it effects them directly. • Adults have a repository of lifetime experiences that should be tapped as a resource for ongoing learning. Similarly, adult learners bring various levels of prior exposure to any topic and that fact should be acknowledged. • Adults use a hands-on problem-solving approach to learning. Rote memorization of facts and figures should be avoided. • Adults want to apply new knowledge and skills immediately. Retention decreases if the learning is applied only at some future point in time.”

6. Mark Smith • “Self-concept: As a person matures his self concept moves from one of being a dependent personality toward one of being a self-directed human being • 2. Experience: As a person matures he accumulates a growing reservoir of experience that becomes an increasing resource for learning. • 3. Readiness to learn. As a person matures his readiness to learn becomes oriented increasingly to the developmental tasks of his social roles. • 4. Orientation to learning. As a person matures his time perspective changes from one of postponed application of knowledge to immediacy of application, and accordingly his orientation toward learning shifts from one of subject-centeredness to one of problem centredness. • 5. Motivation to learn: As a person matures the motivation to learn is internal.”

7. Knowles & computers • “the following instructional strategies proved very effective with adult self-directed students: recognize that the first example of an attitude or thought has the strongest influence on learners' subsequent behavior; emphasize that the course is just a starting point; use notable individuals in the class as models; standardize the use of terms; keep the level of presentation simple and direct; and use a consistent strategy.”

8. Knowles & economy • information exchange will be a major economic commodity in the future, a radical reorganization of our educational enterprise around the concept of lifelong learning is imperative. The role of teachers should shift from that of didactic instructor toward that of facilitator of learning and learning resource broker”

9. Knowles applied • Theory applied • Theory expanded • Theory used • Theory is useful • Focus content, get to the point, needs and interests, social roles, and “real life”.