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Superconducting Magnet Safety System for Neutrino Beam Production

This article discusses the Superconducting Magnet Safety System (MSS) for future (Multi-)MW proton facilities and its importance in ensuring the safety of superconducting magnets used in neutrino beam production. The article covers the principles, specifications, monitoring, control, costs, and manpower requirements of the MSS. It also highlights the need for higher magnetic fields, higher currents, and heat removal in superconducting magnets. The objective of the MSS is to detect and take security actions in the event of a quench or transition to the resistive state, preventing damage and ensuring the usability of the experiments. The article provides examples of electrical circuits and protection measures for magnets, current leads, and superconducting bus systems. It also explores the challenges of magnet quench detection and proposes solutions to address false detections and voltage imbalances.

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Superconducting Magnet Safety System for Neutrino Beam Production

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  1. R&D of neutrino beam productionfor future (Multi-)MW proton facility: SuperconductingMagnet Safety System(MSS) Jean-Paul CHARRIERCEA SACLAY – DSM / DAPNIA / SIS - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  2. T2K MSS : 1. Principle 2. Specification, Realization 3. Monitoring, Settings, Control 4. Cost, Manpower, Schedule - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  3. T2K MSS : Coil = Magnet i N S Power supply = Current generator Coil Magnet - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  4. T2K MSS : Needs increase Higher magnetic field Some Tesla Field proportional to current Higher current Some kA Joule heating Conductor heating + energy use Heat removal + cost Coil size Not compatible with experiments size Superconducting magnets T = 1.8 to 4 K R = 0  no conductor heating … … if all goes well (except junctions : n) - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  5. T2K MSS : Superconducting state : conditions Critical current Critical temperature Critical magnetic field T < Tc i < ic H < Hc NbTiNb3Sn Superconducting state R = 0 - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  6. T2K MSS : Transition of a superconductor Transition from the superconducting to the resistive (or normal) state or quench R  0 Joule heating, local, then global (if propagation) Conductor and magnet destruction Unusable experiment Repair sometimes impossible - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  7. T2K MSS : Objective of the MSS Detection and Security actions - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  8. T2K MSS : Example of electrical circuit Dump resistor Switch Cryostat T2K: 20 mΩ 300 K 4.5 K i Power supply T2K:30V / 8 000A(DC) Items to protect: Magnet Current lead Superconducting bus (or bus bar) - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  9. iPS = 0 i i r L Rd vRd L = 44 H E ~ 17.2 MJ (CMS : E ~ 2600 MJ) Rd = 20 mΩ Rd = 2.6 Ω vRd ~ -150 V vRd ~ -2300 V High voltage Not so high Isolation Isolation L = 400 mH E ~ 11 MJ T2K MSS : Discharge of a coil into a resistor PS Beginning of the discharge: Example: 8 T Magnet (test magnet for Neurospin) i = 885 A T2K beam line: 2.6 T ; 18.6 T/m i = 7345 A - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  10. i r T2K MSS : Superconducting bus quench detection v = r.i 100 mVthreshold MSS 100 mVthreshold Power supply shutdown Switch opening Superconducting bus: voltage = 0 V Beam shutdown + 100 mV and -100 mVif the current can flow in both directions.Not in T2K case. Threshold = 100 mV (But useful in case of cabling error) - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  11. T2K MSS : Current lead protection v = r.i 100 mVthreshold i r MSS 100 mVthreshold Power supply shutdown Switch opening Resistive current lead: voltage ~ 80 mV max Beam shutdown + 100 mV and -100 mVif the current can flow in both directions.Not in T2K case. Threshold = 100 mV (But useful in case of cabling error) - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  12. NO not so simple ! T2K MSS : Magnet quench detection i r 100 mVthreshold MSS Power supply shutdown Switch opening Beam shutdown - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  13. T2K MSS : Coil charging iPS i r L vPS v PS ~ vPS – voltage drops Superconducting : r = 0 v ~ a few volts Exceeds the thresholds False detectionsduring current variations - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  14. v1 v2 T2K MSS : Balancing i r1 L1 r2 L2 = 0 if voltages are balanced = 0 if superconducting Does not disturb quench detection - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  15. v2 v1 Quench on L1 side v > 0 threshold > 0 Quench on L2 side v < 0 threshold < 0 T2K MSS : Balanced voltage i r1 L1 r2 L2 Assumption : i > 0 2 thresholdsof oppositesigns - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  16. v1 v2 T2K MSS : Magnet quench detection MSS i r1 L1 v1 – v2 r2 L2 +100 mV-100 mVthresholds Heaters activation Power supply shutdown Switch opening Superconducting magnet: v1 - v2 = 0 V Beam shutdown + 100 mV and -100 mVeven if the current flowsin only one direction. Threshold 1 = +100 mVThreshold 2 = -100 mV - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  17. Level(voltage) T1 < time threshold T2 > time threshold level threshold time time threshold time threshold Detection no yes time T2K MSS : - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  18. T2K MSS : 1. Principle 2. Specification, Realization 3. Monitoring, Settings, Control 4. Cost, Manpower, Schedule - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  19. Superconducting bus • 28 combined function superconducting magnets(dipole and quadrupole in one magnet) • 14 cryostats (2 magnets per cryostat) • Magnets in serial • Focusing and Defocusing magnet • Cold diode magnet protection • Necessity of a MSS (Magnet Safety System) • 6 correction magnets (not on this scheme) Current lead Power Supply T2K MSS : Electrical circuit - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  20. T2K MSS : MSS functions / specifications • Main functions • Detection • Main magnets quench detection, 100 mV / 10 ms • Bus bars quench detection, 100 mV / 10 ms • Current leads protection, 100 mV / 100 ms • Corrector magnets quench detection, 400 mV / 10 ms • Security actions • Beam shut down, • Power supplies shut down, • Heaters activation. - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  21. T2K MSS : MSS functions / specifications • Complementary function • Data acquisition (analog parameters) DAQ1 DAQ2 Origin of measurements Magnet system Corrector magnets Number of channels 61 32 Acquisition frequency 10 kHz Total record length 100 s Input range +/- 10 V • High voltage Withstand voltage : 500 V DC (Cables, connectors and detection board inputs) - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  22. INSTALLATIONMagnets, power supplies, heaters, beam, cryogenics Analoginputs Logicinputs Logicoutputs Analoginputs MEASUREMENTand DETECTION SAFETY LOGIC Isolation 2000 V max. Functional Isolation 250 V Logicsignals Analogsignals ACQUISITION Racks Ethernet MSS Acquisition PC PC Ethernet T2K MSS : Synoptic overview of the MSS - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  23. INSTALLATIONMagnets, power supplies, heaters, beam, cryogenics Analoginputs Logicinputs Logicoutputs Analoginputs MEASUREMENTand DETECTION SAFETY LOGIC Isolation 2000 V max. Functional Isolation 250 V Logicsignals Analogsignals ACQUISITION Racks Ethernet MSS World FIP (Field Bus) Local Acquisition PC Monitoring PC PC PC Ethernet Ethernet T2K MSS : Synoptic overview of the MSS - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  24. Magnet System Analog inputs Logic outputs Logic inputs Analog inputs 500 V isolation Rack 1 Rack 2 Front Front Power Supply100 V / 50 Hz Fans Fans AC securityand distribution UPS 100 V Measurement - Detection Fans Logic Interface Analog Interface Measurement - Detection Triggers DAQ1 Acquisition PC Safety Logic Fans Acquisition DAQ2 Acquisition Measurement - Detection Ethernet MDC1A AIC SLC1 MDC1B SLC2 LIC MDC2 Power supplies100 V AC  48 V DC PS2 PS1A PS1B Safety Logic Local monitoring PC 48 V DC WorldFIP (Field bus) Ethernet To remote monitoring PC T2K MSS : MSS Architecture - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  25. MDC1A Measurement and Detection Crates 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 Safety Logic Crates Power supplies Power supplies QD01 QD02 QD03 QD04 QD05 QD06 QD07 QD08 QD09 QD10 QD11 QD12 SFIP SLC1 Configuration Power supplies Power supplies Treatment MDC1B Logic 48 inputs 48 inputs Configuration 48 outputs SFIP Power supplies Power supplies QD13 QD14 BB CL CQD1_2 CQD3_4 CQD5_6 SFIP MDC2 SLC2 Configuration Power supplies Power supplies Treatment Power supplies Power supplies Logic QD01_02 QD03_04 QD05_06 QD07_08 QD09_10 QD11_12 QD13_14 BBR CLR CQD1_2R CQD3_4R CQD4_5R 48 inputs 48 inputs Configuration 48 outputs SFIP SFIP T2K MSS : Protection crates Redundancy - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  26. 22 cm T2K MSS : Quench detection boards (MD200) • Measurement • Analog inputs • Voltage scaling, filtering and isolation (2000 V) • Analog outputs • For copying to the acquisition system • Detection • Fault detection with : • Level thresholds, • Time thresholds - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  27. 3 MD200 boards for 2 cryostats →21 boards for 14 cryostats Measurement : analog outputs : logical outputs Detection Board 3 Board 3_4 (redundancy) Board 4 Detection Detection Detection + - + - + - + + + - - - 3 high voltage cableswith 2 shielded pairs each + - - + + - - + + - - + Connection box 3withprotection resistors Connection box 4withprotection resistors Cryostat 3 Cryostat 4 Current MagnetD MagnetF MagnetD MagnetF Beam = Junction T2K MSS : Detail of the principle for 2 cryostats - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  28. DX96 board T2K MSS : Logic boards • Treatment board : DX96 • Receive and memorize the faults of the installationespecially : magnet quenches • Command the main security action • Beam shut down. - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  29. Example : LS96 board Updated into LS100for T2K MSS T2K MSS : Logic boards • Safety logic board : LS100 • Receive the faults of the installation • Command the security actions • Power supplies shut down, • Heaters activation. • Send information to the Cryogenics • Quench Detection, • Fast Discharge. • Send information to the Power Supplies • Fast Discharge. • Triggers the Acquisition systems • Determine the status of the MSS (OK or not) • Gather and display important information • Manage the MSS acknowledge - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  30. Treatmentandmemorization DX96 Board EO48 Board SO48 Board Logic inputs Logic outputs LS100 Board (Isolated) (Isolated) Safetylogic T2K MSS : Logic boards overview On this scheme, configuration boards and backplanes are not drawn - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  31. Measurement and Detection Safety Logic T2K MSS : Example of MSS : W7X test facility Redundancy (Example with the previous generation of electronic boards) - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  32. T2K MSS : 1. Principle 2. Specification, Realization 3. Monitoring, Settings, Control 4. Cost, Manpower, Schedule - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  33. Analoginputs Logicinputs Logicoutputs MEASUREMENT and DETECTION SAFETY LOGIC Logicsignals SPI Bus = SPI Bus Detectedfaults SFIP Board SFIP Board WorldFIP Bus Local Monitoring Monitoring PC Settings Control Ethernet T2K MSS : Communication : FIP and SPI - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  34. T2K MSS : Human-Machine Interface (Labview) Example for a test facility in Saclay - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  35. Analog monitoring Input voltages Balanced voltages Temperatures + Crates Power Supplies (+ 5 V, +/-15 V, etc…) Logic monitoring T2K MSS : Monitoring - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  36. Thresholds Analog output offsetsandgains Balance T2K MSS : Settings For T2K MSS, thresholds and balance settings will not use software settings,but hardware settings with a screwdriver. - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  37. Boardfunctionschecking Thresholds Fault simulation Actions Without disconnecting the MSS from the installation Possible without really triggering security actions T2K MSS : Control - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  38. T2K MSS : 1. Principle 2. Specification, Realization 3. Monitoring, Settings, Control 4. Cost, Manpower, Schedule - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

  39. T2K MSS : • Cost • 204 k€ (hardware) • Manpower • 8 man-year • + a lot of work (specification, software, previous realization, tests) already done for other Magnet Safety Systems, by many people in CEA SACLAY – DSM / DAPNIA / SIS • Schedule • 2004: First preliminary specification • 2005-2006: Requirements specification / Preliminary definition • 2007: Detailed definition / Realization in CEA - Saclay • 2008: Shipment / Tests at J-PARC • 2009: Commissioning - Jean-Paul Charrier - FJPPL'07 Workshop (KEK) - T2K MSS - Superconducting Magnet Safety System - DAPNIA/SIS/1136/07/JPC

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