The contribution of digital boundary information to good governance for improved decision-making

1. The contribution of digital boundary information to good governance for improved decision-making Good Governance Monahan et al

2. PART ONE - THE NEED FOR BOUNDARIES Good Governance Monahan et al

3. The earth, digital or otherwise, is two-thirds ocean Good Governance Monahan et al

4. Humanity intersects with the ocean primarily through the Coastal Zone • eg 60% of the earth’s population lives within 60 km of a coast • we dump waste there • we extract food, oil and other resources • sea level may be rising • we don’t know much about it Good Governance Monahan et al

5. Major forces intersecting at present and for the next decade Increasing Use UNCLOS Technology push Global warming Population increase Fish stock decline More... Coastal Zone Management and Oceans Governance Good Governance Monahan et al

6. Increasing and Competing Demands for Access to Oceans Traditional/Fishing and (or vs) aquaculture and fish ranching Hydrocarbon & Mineral Extraction Defense Preservation/Protection Recreation and Ecotourism, Routing for Cables and Pipelines Transportation/Shipping Aboriginal Rights Good Governance Monahan et al

7. The 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) divides the oceans into Zones, each with its attendant rights and responsibilities. • 1992 UNCED • 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement • 1995 FAO Code of Conduct • 1995 Compliance Agreement • 1995 Global Program of Action • 1995 Jakarta Mandate • 1997 IMO mandatory routing of vessels • 1998-1999 FAO subsidies and overcapacity • 1999 CSD Meeting on Oceans and Seas • 2002 Rio + 10 Good Governance Monahan et al

8. UNCLOS is inspiring Coastal Zone Management and Oceans Governance legislation and programs • Applied to general areas like Territorial Sea • And to specific areas like MPA, Fishing Zones, Traffic Separation Schemes, Pollution control areas, National parks, co-management arrangements Good Governance Monahan et al

9. These three forces intersectmultiple layers of overlapping, confusing and at times contradictory jurisdiction and administration, tinged with historical legal ambiguities, to create a three- dimensional mosaic of private andpublic interests. Good Governance Monahan et al

10. Example -Proposed Marine Protected Area - Musquash Estuary • limits of private and public ownership (e.g., ordinary high water mark); • limits of private rights (e.g., waterlots, aquaculture sites, oil and gas); • municipal, county, provincial, and national limits of jurisdiction and administration; • national and international boundaries, including national coastal baselines; • government departmental limits; • environmental protection areas (e.g., wetlands, sanctuaries) • military limits (e.g., disposal and weapons firing ranges); • pipeline and cable rights-of-way. Good Governance Monahan et al

11. Other boundaries and limits that may apply • Territorial Sea baselines • Customs limit • Harbour limit • Historic wreck area • Various types of anchorage areas • Fish trap area • Limit of safety zone around offshore installation • Limits of restricted area (to vessel traffic) Good Governance Monahan et al

12. The sources of boundaries • same are already drawn on maps • some are lines that can be extracted from images or determined through the application of some formula • some are contained in legal wording of legislation, common law or international law • some are defined by regulations • some are embedded in historic or habitual usage • some lie within or surrounding un-resolved claims • some are based on concepts of which it is difficult to find an unambiguous physical expression (shoreline) Good Governance Monahan et al

13. WHAT WE ARE DOING TO MEET THE NEED Good Governance Monahan et al

14. Understanding and resolving marine boundaries requires; • an interdisciplinary approach • inter-Governmental cooperation • industrial partners • a pan-Canadian view Good Governance Monahan et al

15. We have a team from • four universities • Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering • Law • Economics • Governance • Sociology • three Government agencies • Canadian Hydrographic Service • Service New Brunswick • Federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans • and one industrial partner • CARIS Ltd • spread over 70 degrees of longitude Good Governance Monahan et al

16. Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering., University of New Brunswick Service New Brunswick Sociology, Memorial University Governance, University of Ottawa Law, University of Victoria Economics, Memorial University Law, University of New Brunswick Canadian Hydrographic Service CARIS Universal Systems Department of Fisheries and Oceans William Byrne, R. Castonguay, Sara Cockburn, M. D'Arcy, Larry Felt, Roger Guadet , John Hughes Clarke, Maria Innes-Buzeta, Anne LaForest, Wade Locke, Ted McDorman, Dave Monahan, Susan Nichols, Sam Nganga, Gilles Paquet , Rob van der Poll, Michael Sutherland, Dave Wells and Kevin Wilkins Good Governance of Canada's Oceans: Determining the Use, Value, and Potential of Marine Boundary Information Good Governance Monahan et al

17. A research project identifying and evaluating boundary information requirements and investigating spatial data uncertainty and its impact on data integration and boundary delimitation through a series of Case Studies. • Evaluate Marine Boundary Requirements • Investigate Spatial Data Uncertainty • Enhance Prototype Geomatics Technologies • Communicate Results to Decision Makers Good Governance Monahan et al

18. WHAT WE HAVE FOUND SO FAR Good Governance Monahan et al

19. 1km • Case Study 1 - Musquash Estuary • Three obvious boundary questions: • Where is “a line between Gooseberry Island & Musquash Head?” • Which high water? • Where is “head of tide” Special scallop zone J.Hughes-Clarke, OMG Good Governance Monahan et al

20. Which Line is the shoreline? • highest point that sea water ever reaches or the lowest, or somewhere in between? • - horizontal distance between these varies from 0 to several km • - land mapping use "mean sea level" - • navigation charts show 2 lines, the conventional shoreline being the highest level that sea water normally reaches, and a low-water line showing the water level at "lowest normal" tides. Good Governance Monahan et al

21. The definition of shoreline depends on context • All rules, regulations and legislation referring to shoreline, to low water line, to water level, etc, must be examined carefully and interpreted in context. • Any lines drawn seaward from a land feature might be effected by “shoreline” definition. Good Governance Monahan et al

22. Mapping the lower boundary Multibeam Hi-resolution Bathymetry Good Governance Monahan et al

23. Multibeam Bathymetry • 10 days operational survey. • SNB Orthophotos. • Inter-agency cooperation Good Governance Monahan et al

24. Can provide visualization of ocean processes. i.e. Estuarine flushing. Where should the outer boundary be placed? What about proximity of dump sites? Good Governance Monahan et al

25. The intent of a boundary and its physical location might not be co-incident. • Eg the intent of the Musquash MPA is to protect the area. Its physical boundary defines the area in which MPA regulations apply. Twice a day however, the are is flushed by ocean water from outside the MPA. That water could carry pollutants or other unwanted material. Is the boundary for the MPA appropriate? Good Governance Monahan et al

26. ? Case Study 2: NB Marine Administrative Boundary Good Governance Monahan et al

27. Case Study #3. Producing a partial claim to the juridical Continental Shelf Good Governance Monahan et al

28. Candidate Areas Good Governance Monahan et al

29. Good Governance Monahan et al

30. WHERE WE ARE HEADING Good Governance Monahan et al

31. Identify and Evaluate Boundary Information Requirements for Good Ocean Governance: • comprehensive boundary information requirements study • a general model of the boundary requirements for "good" ocean governance Good Governance Monahan et al

32. Investigate Spatial Data Uncertainty and Its Impact on Data Integration and Boundary Delimitation: • a model set of the metrics • an evaluation of the "goodness" (including appropriateness) of marine boundary information Good Governance Monahan et al

33. Develop and Enhance Prototype Visualization Tools for Marine Boundary Delimitation: • suite of technologies and procedures for demonstrating marine boundary problems and solutions • prototype demonstration system Good Governance Monahan et al

34. Communicate the Results of the Research to Decision-Makers: • three workshops • a set of guidelines for managing marine boundary information • strategy for future research and collaboration in ocean governance Good Governance Monahan et al

35. Find out more • http://www.unb.ca/GGE/Research/OceanGov/main.html Good Governance Monahan et al