第十二章 英语难句和 长句的翻译

1. 第十二章 英语难句和长句的翻译 一、 英汉翻译中译文句式的重组 1．This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 买卖双方同意按下列条款购买、出售下述商品，并签订本合同。(动作的发出者译为主语)

2. 2. But without Adolf Hitler, who was possessed of a demoniac personality, a granite will, uncanny instincts, a cold ruthlessness, a remarkable intellect, a soaring imagination and----until toward the end, when drunk with power and success, he over reached himself----an amazing capacity to size up people and situations, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. • 然而,如果没有阿道夫·希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。因为阿道夫·希特勒有着恶魔般的性格、花岗岩般的意志、不可思议的本能、无情的冷酷、杰出的智力、深远的想象力以及对人和对局势的判断力。这种判断力最后由于权力和胜利冲昏了头脑而自不量力，终于弄巧成拙。

3. 分析：这个句子由一个主句，一个非限定性定语从句和一个状语从句组成。插入主句中间的是一个由who引导的非限定性定语从句。这个从句较长，句中又插入了一个用破折号分开的，由until引导时间状语从句。这个状语从句对非限定性定语从句的后面部分作了些补充说明，因而，虽然具有相对的独立意义，仍可根据逻辑关系，将该句译文置于句尾。（全句有两层主要意思：①如果没有阿道夫·希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国；②希特勒在性格、智力、能力等方面具有的某些特点。原文各句的逻辑关系和表达顺序与汉语大致一致，但因从句是插入成分，和汉语表达习惯不同，所以，翻译时顺中有逆，可以综合处理/重组分析：这个句子由一个主句，一个非限定性定语从句和一个状语从句组成。插入主句中间的是一个由who引导的非限定性定语从句。这个从句较长，句中又插入了一个用破折号分开的，由until引导时间状语从句。这个状语从句对非限定性定语从句的后面部分作了些补充说明，因而，虽然具有相对的独立意义，仍可根据逻辑关系，将该句译文置于句尾。（全句有两层主要意思：①如果没有阿道夫·希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国；②希特勒在性格、智力、能力等方面具有的某些特点。原文各句的逻辑关系和表达顺序与汉语大致一致，但因从句是插入成分，和汉语表达习惯不同，所以，翻译时顺中有逆，可以综合处理/重组

4. 3. Applied science, on the other hand, is directly concerned with the application of the working laws of pure science to the practical affairs of life, and to increasing man’s control over his environment, thus leading to the development of techniques, processes and machines. • 应用科学则直接涉及应用问题。它研究的是如何将纯科学的工作定律应用于实际生活、应用于加强人类对其周围环境的控制，从而导致新技术、新工艺和新机器的产生。

5. 二、顺译法 • 1. It was on a Sunday evening, when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem that he heard the gate swing to, and saw the girl coming running among the trees, with the red-cheeked, stolid Joe in swift pursuit. • 一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾，一面写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔来，后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。 • 分析：这个句子是由一个强调句（时间），一个状语从句和二个现在分词短语表示伴随的时间状语，还有一个介词短语。

6. 2. Four scores and seven years ago our father brought fourth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and the proposition that all men are created equal. • 87年前，我们的先辈们在这个大陆上创立了一个新的国家，它以自由为立国之本，奉行所有人生来平等的原则。

7. 三、倒置法（按照汉语的逻辑顺序进行翻译） • 1. And he know how ashamed he would have been if he had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. • 他出生在这样一类人中间，他出生在这种地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让他知道了的话，他知道该多么丢人。 • 分析：这个句子由一个宾语从句，一个条件从句（在从句中的主语用and连接另外两个名词词组作宾语）和两个定语从句。

8. 2. In reality, the lines of division between sciences are becoming blurred, and science again approaching the “unity” that it had two centuries ago—although the accumulated knowledge is enormously greater now, and no one person can hope to comprehend more than a fraction of it. • 虽然现在积累起来的知识要多得多，而一个人也只可能了解其中的一小部分，但事实上，各科学之间界线却变得模糊不清，科学再次近似于两百年前那样的“单一整体”。

9. 3. And I take heart from the fact that enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. • 吹嘘能在几小时内就能占领战略要地的敌人,由于一路受到顽强抵抗,甚至还没有能占领外围地带.这一事实使我增强了信心.

10. 四、分译法（拆译） • 1.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters. • 史密斯喝醉之后常常打老婆和女儿； 第二天带着头痛发牢骚， 抱怨世人不能赏识他的才华。他痛骂同行的画家都是糊涂虫。话很尖刻，有时候也有道理。 • 分析：这个句子由一个主从复合句（即状语从句）， 一个由And连接起来另一个句子和二个由引起的介词短语作状语。

11. 2. Article I of the GATT is the celebrated most favored nation (MFN) clause under which each member nation must give treatment to other member nations’ imports and exports that is at least as favorable as that applied to the most favored nation. • 关税及贸易总协定的第一条是著名的最惠国条款，每一个成员国给予其他成员国的进出口货物的待遇至少和给予最惠国的待遇同样的优惠。

12. 3. The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance in smash service, twist service, steady service, high drop and killing and ended in a draw. • 外宾观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛在发扣球、转球、 保险球、吊球和扣杀方面技术都十分精湛，最后打成了平局。他们看得简直人了迷。

13. 五、练习 • 1.They (The poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. • 2. The United Nations Secretary General say he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors.

14. 3. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. • 4. My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away.

15. 5. The first technical service shall start in the sixth day after the contract comes into effect. Party B shall send a specialist to Party A’s factory to provide technical service for 12 working day/man. 6.All these features are accessible to visitors to the Palace(of nations) who come each year in their tens of thousands from many countries to find out more about a place where history is continually in the making and where efforts to preserve world peace and security are renewed every day.

16. 7.And without question, we must do more to counter a threat that shows more clearly than any other how closely our nations’ facts are linked:the threat of global warming. 8.Freedom of choice is another American value not absent from school life. 9.He couldn’t kill any more. 10.But our growing interdependence hinges on much more than technology and trade.

17. 五、练习 • 1. They (The poor)are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty. • 对于以往的几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动是一种用以摆脱贫苦的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。（重组）

18. 2. The United Nations Secretary General say he is sure the Security Council will approve the agreement with Iraq about UN arms inspectors. • 联合国秘书长说他确信安理会会批准与伊拉克达成的有关联合国武器核查人员的协议。（顺译）

19. 3. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slum when in the United States the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. • 50年代后期的美国出现了一个真正的奇观： 穷知识分子以“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人。正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。（倒置）

20. 4. My mother, Jane Lampton Clements, died in her 88th year, a mighty age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away. • 我的母亲简.兰普顿.克来门斯是在她88岁那年去世的。这对于一位40岁就身体纤弱、被公认有痼疾缠身注定不久于人世的人来说，是难得的高龄。

21. 5. The first technical service shall start in the sixth day after the contract comes into effect. Party B shall send a specialist to Party A’s factory to provide technical service for 12 working day/man. • 第一次技术服务应始于本合同生效之日起第六天.乙方应派遣一名技术人员赴甲方工厂,提供12 工作人/日的技术指导。

22. 6.All these features are accessible to visitors to the Palace (of nations) who come each year in their tens of thousands from many countries to find out more about a place where history is continually in the making and where efforts to preserve world peace and security are renewed every day. • 每年有成千上万的各国游客参观万国宫(此处也指 “日内瓦的国际新闻中心”)，所有这些项目都向他们开放，让他们更多地了解这个不断书写历史新篇章、每天都为维护世界和平与安全做出新努力的场所。（根据汉语的习惯，可以将其断为四个短句/ 也叫重组）

23. 7.And without question, we must do more to counter a threat that shows more clearly than any other how closely our nations’ facts are linked:the threat of global warming. 毫无疑问，我们还必须作出更大的努力来对抗全球变暖的威胁，这个威胁最能清楚地体现各国的命运是如何紧紧相连。（由于that 引导的定语从句长，把它放在所修饰名词的后面更符合汉语的习惯。）

24. 8.Freedom of choice is another American value not absent from school life. 选择的自由是体现在学校生活中的另一个美国价值观。 is not absent from译为：“体现在学校生活中”这是翻译中典型的反面着笔法，采取这个译法时被反面处理的可以是词、短语甚至整个句子。用这种译法是因为无法照原文的角度翻译，所以只能掉转方向，从另一个角度着手。（请看第9题） 9.He couldn’t kill any more. 他已经恶贯满盈了。（请看第10题）

25. 10.But our growing interdependence hinges on much more than technology and trade. • 但我们之间日益相互依赖的绝不只是科技与贸易而已。 • hinge on …依…而定。取决于 • much more than…通过反向翻译法译为“不只是”，更符合汉语的习惯。

26. 第十三章 语境对译文词义及句子意义的制约 • 一、语境及其作用 （课文P.115） • 语境是语言活动在一定的时间和空间里所处的境况。人们在言语交际的过程中要想顺利地交流思想和理解话语始发者的信息，必须运用语言所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文或不表现为言辞的主观环境因素，这里所谓的上下文和主客观环境因素就是语境。例如：（下面几个四、六级选择题）

27. 1. Their diplomatic principles completely laid bare their for world conquest. • A. admiration B. ambition C. administration D. orientation （2001.1.33） • 以上四个选项均为名词。A. 钦佩，赞美；B. 野心，雄心，志气；C. 管理，经营；D. 朝向，定位。根据上下文laid bare 和world conquest 来分析B项与题意相符。全句意为：“他们的外交政策完全暴露了他们征服世界的野心。”

28. 2. For many patients, institutional care is the most and beneficial form of care. • A. pertinent B. appropriate C. acute D. persistent (2000.6.41) • A. 有关的，中肯的；B.适当的，适合的；C. 敏锐的，急性的；D. 持续的。根据上下文句中patients（病人）和 form of care.（护理方式） 的意义来看，只有B项符合题意。即“对于许多病人来说，慈善机构的护理是最合适并且最有益的一种护理方式。”

29. 3. The design of this auditorium shows a great deal of . We have never seen such a building before. • A. orientation B. originality C. illusion D. invention (2003. 6.) • A.位置；方向；B.创造性；独特性；C. 幻觉；幻影；D. 创造；发明。 由第二个句子：“We have never seen such a building before.（我们从未见过这样的建筑）” 为线索，抓住题意，可知B.为正确答案。

30. 二、英汉词语特征比较1. 英语词语的特征 • （1）英语是拼音文字 • （2）一词多义性 • 例如“last”这一形容词： • 1) He is the last man to come.. • 2) He is thelastman to do it. • 3) He is thelastperson for such a job. • 4) He should be thelast(man) to blame. • 5) He is thelast man to consult. • 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

31. 1) He is the last man to come..他是最后来的。 • 2) He is the last man to do it.他决不会干那件事。 • 3) He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。 • 4) He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 • 5) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他商量。 • 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. • 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

32. （3）一词多词性 • 例如“but”一词： • （试着翻译下列几个句子） • ——He would like to go, but he’s busy. • ——There ‘s no one here but me. • ——The job is all but finished. • ——Not a man but had tears in his eyes. • ——I’m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you. • —— But me no buts.

33. 1）but用作conj.(连) 但是，而是；可是；但也，同时 • He would like to go, but he’s busy. 他很想去，可是很忙。 • 2）“but”用作prep.(介词) “除……外” • There ‘s no one here but me.除我以外，没人在这儿。 • 3）“but”用作adv.(副词)“只是，刚刚；而且；几乎” • The job is all but finished.这工作差不多完成了。 • 4）but用作pron.(代) “that…not;who…not 接于否定词后) • Not a man but had tears in his eyes.(= There was no one without tears in his eyes.) • 没有谁眼睛不含着泪水的。 • 5）“but”用作n.（名词） ifs and buts (inf.) “借口；托词”(非正式用语) • I’m tired of your ifs and buts. Do what I tell you. • 你的托词我听厌了，照着我的话作就是了。 • But me no buts.不要更我辩，不要找借口。

34. 2. 汉语词语的特征 • （1）一字一词 • （2）一个字代表几个词 • 例如“事”：汉语中“事”的基本意义与英语中“matter, affair, thing, business”等词相近。但在不同的上下文中，此句会有各种不同的含义。 • 1）遇事和大家商量。 • Consult the masses when problems arise. • 这里“遇事”的“事”，实际上是“有待解决的问题”，因此译为problems

35. 2）农民所做的事很多…农民在农民协会领导之下总共做了十四件大事，如下所记。（《毛泽东选集》一卷，22页）2）农民所做的事很多…农民在农民协会领导之下总共做了十四件大事，如下所记。（《毛泽东选集》一卷，22页） • The peasants have done a great many things… the peasants under the leadership of the • peasant associations have the following fourteen great achievements to their credit. • 本句中第一个“事”用的是它的一般意义，译做things。第二个“事”是指农民协会所 • 取得的光辉业绩，故把它译成achievements。 • （3）几个字不是一个词

36. 三、原文语境制约译文词义、句义的选择1. 原文语境规约译文词义的选择 • 由于语境的不同和词的上下文搭配不同，也导致一个词有不同的翻译。 • （1）To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her but it had been an agony for years. • 脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。

37. （2）An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. • 在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方，他们一次又一次地练习从这样一块有限的面积上起飞。 • （3）He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working ,as though about to take off. • 他工作的上时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起来的样子。

38. （4）Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed “baggies” that took off in high school and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers; • 他们的头一项重要设计是一种打褶的、缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤，这种裤子人们称为“袋子”，在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也都很快仿制起来。

39. 2.原文语境规约译句子的意义（词的内涵及外延不一样）2.原文语境规约译句子的意义（词的内涵及外延不一样） • (1) She has a son you know. He‘s a man now. • 你知道，她有个儿子，现已长大成人了。（句中man表示“成年男人”） • (2) They can’t stay in the same room if they are not man and wife. • 如果他们不是夫妻，就不能同住一屋。（句中man意为丈夫） • (3) Very well sir, you are the master and I’m the man. • 是的，先生，您是主人，我听从您的吩咐。（句中man意为仆人，随从）

40. 3. 原文语境赋予译文表达以巨大的灵活性和多样性 • 下面以“figure”为例 • (1) The foreign trade has risen to unprecedented figures. • 对外贸易的数字有了空前的增涨。 • (2) Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning. • 埃利奥特博士是学术界最受尊敬的人物之一。 • (3) On the desk there was a bronze figure of Plato. • 书桌上有一尊柏拉图的铜像 • (4) He saw dim figures moving towards him. • 他隐隐约约看见一些人影在向他跟前移动。 • (5) June was good at figure skating. • 琼善于花式溜冰。

41. 四、练习 • 1. Translating the short passage in page 121 • 2. Preparing the chapter fourteen • 3. 翻译下列句子，注意划线部分词的译法。 • 1）他的英语水平比我的高。 • 2）各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 • 4。语意环境选择答案 • 1）After three months’ training these students can interpret what they have observed. • A. irrespectively: B. perpetually： • C. explicitly： D. capably：

42. 2）The exhibition is designed to further cooperation between Chinese TV industry and overseas TV industries. • A. maximize B. contribute： • C. facilitate： D. erect • 3） . A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily . • A. alleviated: B. dwindled： • C. abolished： D. relaxed：

43. 1）他的英语水平比我的高。 • He knows more English than I. • 这里，汉语“水平”一词虽未译出，但其意已暗含在句子之中，因此就不言而喻了。 • 2）各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。 • Cadres at all levels should improve their art of leadership. • 这里的“领导水平”，实际上指领导能力，领导艺术，故译作art of leadership。

44. 4) Many observers believe that country will remain in a state of chaos if it fails to solve its food shortage problem. • A. transient B. starving • C. desperate D. chronic • 5) His strange behavior greatly me and my friends as well that evening. • A. perplexed： B. exhausted： • C. exclaimed： D. exceeded

45. 1)After three months’ training these students can interpret what they have observed. • A. irrespectively:不考虑地， 不顾地。 • B. perpetually：永久地。 • C. explicitly：明确地，同义词为clearly。 • D. capably：有能力地，与句中can在意思上重复 • 答案 C

46. 2) The exhibition is designed to further cooperation between Chinese TV industry and overseas TV industries. • A. maximize 使最大化。 • B. contribute：为……作贡献，接介词 to 。 • C. facilitate：促进，推进。 • D. erect：建立，不说 erect cooperation，而说 establish cooperation . • 答案 C

47. 3) A patient who is dying of incurable cancer of the throat is terrible pain, which can no longer be satisfactorily . • A. alleviated:减轻痛苦；缓和。 • B. dwindled：逐渐变小或减少。 • C. abolished：废除；取消。 • D. relaxed：松弛；放松。 • 答案 A.

48. 4. Many observers believe that country will remain in a state of chaos if it fails to solve its food shortage problem. • A. transient暂短的；易逝的。 • B. starving 饥饿的。 • C. desperate 拚命的；不顾一切的 • D. chronic（指疾病或情况）延续性的；慢性的。 • 答案 D

49. 5. His strange behavior greatly me and my friends as well that evening. • A. perplexed：使困惑；使费解。 • B. exhausted：使筋疲力尽。 • C. exclaimed：呼喊；惊叫。 • D. exceeded：超过；胜过。 • 答案： A

50. 第十四章 英汉语言的对比与翻译 • 英汉两种语言之间异多于同，本章主要就英汉两种语言各自的衔接手段以及英语的形合同汉语的意合进行对比。谈到衔接（conhesion）手段，我们马上就会将它同语篇联系在一起。商务英语的语篇也主要是依靠语法衔接和词汇衔接这两种手段组成的。（阅读课文P.123-125） • 衔接（conhesion）词语可划分下面几种类型：