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U.S & Latin America 1800-1930. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY & Moi Lakeside School, Seattle WA. 1823: Monroe Doctrine.
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U.S & Latin America 1800-1930 Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY & Moi Lakeside School, Seattle WA
1823: Monroe Doctrine • Introduced by U.S. Pres. James Monroe in a speech to Congress, 1823: “The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”
First U.S. confrontation with Latin America From 1820-1835, 100,000 U.S. citizens immigrated to Northern researches of Mexico In 1830, the Mexican government forbids further American emigration to Texas.
Mexico was in the way of “Manifest Destiny” • “…our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our multiplying millions.” the idea of divine sanction for the territorial expansion of the United States.
Mexican-American War 1846-1848 • Texas annexed by the United States in 1845 • Mexico warns U.S; war breaks out 1846 • Also known as “United States Intervention in Mexico” or “Invasion of Mexico” • Disputed area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces Rivers • U.S. sends troops south of the Nueces
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory to the U.S., including parts of …Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.
William Walker- “Filibuster” Wanted to establish a colonial empire in Latin America …and create slave states to join with the United States.
The Saga of the “Grey-eyed Man of Destiny” • Wanted to add large tracts of land to the U.S.—slaves states • Invaded Mexico, then Nicaragua • Declared himself president of Nicaragua in 1856 • Recognized by U.S. • Reinstated slavery, English as official language, encouraged immigration from U.S. • Defeated in battle, then surrendered to U.S. Navy and returned to U.S. • 1860, tried to invade Honduras, captured by British Navy, turned over the Hondurans and shot by firing squad.
What is a Banana Republic? • Banana republic is a term that refers to a politically unstable country dependent upon limited agriculture (e.g. bananas), and ruled by a small, self-elected, wealthy, and often corrupt politico-economic clique The original concept of banana republic was a direct reference to a "servile dictatorship" that abetted the exploitation of large-scale plantation agriculture, especially banana cultivation. Banana republic is a descriptor first used by U.S. writer O. Henry in Cabbages and Kings (1904), a book of related short stories derived from his 1896–97 residence in Honduras.
The Cuban “Melodrama” The Spanish-American War: 1898
Designs on CubaOstend Manifesto-1854 • “Indeed, the Union can never enjoy repose, nor possess reliable security, as long as Cuba is not embraced within its boundaries.” • “Its immediate acquisition by our government is of paramount importance, and we cannot doubt but that it is a consummation devoutly wished for by its inhabitants.” • “Considerations exist which render delay in the acquisition of this island exceedingly dangerous to the United States.”
Pair-Share • Which Americans do you think coveted Cuba the most? • And why?
Cuba in the 1800s • Never got independence from Spain • Major sugar producer • 1825 U.S. worried that it would be a base for slave revolts in the South • Several revolts against Spanish; 10 years war in 1868 • 3 invasions by refugees and Americans, defeated • Slavery finally abolished in 1886
Cuban War of Independence 1895-98 • “Mambi” (rebels or patriots) soldiers
Cuban War of Independence 1895-98 • Launched Feb. 24, 1895, under leadership of José Martí, national hero • Martí returns to Cuba from exile and is killed in battle May 1895 • Spanish bring in 180,000 troops under Gen. Valeriano Wyler
ValerianoWeyler’s“Reconcentration” Policy • 1896, Weyler orders Cuban civilians into fortified towns • By 1898, more than 1/3 of Cuban population forcibly moved into these towns • Lack of food, sanitation, and shelter • Disease and famine kills 400,000 Cubans
U.S.S. Maine • U.S. battleship blows up in Havana harbor on night of February 15, 1898. 266 US sailors killed. • U.S. inquiry finds that an external mine blew up ship—doesn’t say who placed it—implication was obvious that Spain was the culprit
Yellow journalism: “Spanish TreacherY!” • U.S. newspapers cry for revenge. William R. Hearst of New York Journal offers $$ reward to find perpetrators • U.S declares war April 25, President McKinley didn’t want it but was forced into it. • It was likely an accident, probable cause--coal dust
Teller and Platt Amendments Congressional acts to control Cuba Teller Amendment: April 1898 Platt Amendment: February 1901
Spanish-American War • Lasted only from April until August 1898. Less than 350 U.S. killed in battle • Spanish utterly defeated Spanish fleets sunk • U.S gained the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam • Cuba gained independence but came under U.S. control
“Crucible of Empire” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k9WwaNCRMvk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUPqxPRNOLY&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Questions from “Crucible of Empire” • What were the parallels between the way the U.S. treated the Cubans and the Filipinos when the Spanish surrendered • How did the U.S. press portray the Filipinos? • What does McKinley say the U.S. wants from Cuba and the Philippines? • What does McK. Mean when he says that “trade follows the flag”? • What was the core question at the heart of the U.S. Senate debate over the Treaty of Paris?
Cuban “Independence?” Senator Orville Platt Platt Amendment (1901) 1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. 2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. 3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. 4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Jose Marti • “The scorn of our formidable neighbor who does not know us is our America’s greatest danger.” • “The trees must form ranks to keep the giant with seven-league boots from passing!”
US Interventions in the Caribbean and CenAm2 1. Cuba-1898-1902, 1905-09, 1917-21 2. Panama-1903 3. Nicaragua-1909, 1912-25, 1927-32 4. Mexico-1914, 1916-17 5. Haiti-1915-1934 6. Dominican Republic- 1916-1924 7. Puerto Rico-1898-on 8. San Saludos 1920
Dominican Republic • 1905 Dominican Republic agrees to U.S. administration of its customs to repay debt. • U.S. Marines are sent in 1916 because of unrest and U.S. was afraid of growing German influence in the area • Guerrilla war 1917-1922; U.S. withdrew in 1924 • U.S. would invade again in 1965
Haiti • 1915 Pres. Woodrow Wilson sent Marines to protect U.S. lives and property after an anti-gov’t uprising. • Rebel “bandits” resisted and U.S put down resistance. • U.S. military commander sets up Haitian Congress and dictated a new constitution-failed to solve H’s problems. • U.S. withdraws in 1934.
Nicaragua • U.S. increasingly concerned about stability in CentAm because of the Panama Canal. • Civil war between conservatives and liberals. • In 1927, U.S. intervened on “because communists were fighting the government”-U.S. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg • 1933 U.S. finally left; 130 U.S.Marines had been killed. • 1934 Rebel leader Augusto Sandino betrayed and killed
Mexico • 1914, Pres. Wilson sends Marines to seize port of Veracruz through which military supplies flow. Americans shell the city, killing people • 1916-1917, U.S. troops pursue Pancho Villa after he raids Columbus NM and kills 16 Americans, after going nearly 500 miles in Mexico, the Americans never find Villa, but do succeed in increasing his popularity.
Another view of US military intervention • I spent 33 years and four months in active military service and during that period I spent most of my time as a high class thug for Big Business, for Wall Street and the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism. I helped make Mexico and especially Tampico safe for American oil interests in 1914. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street. I helped purify Nicaragua for the International Banking House of Brown Brothers in 1902–1912. I brought light to the Dominican Republic for the American sugar interests in 1916. I helped make Honduras right for the American fruit companies in 1903. In China in 1927 I helped see to it that Standard Oil went on its way unmolested. Looking back on it, I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents. • ~Marine Maj. Gen. Smedley Butler, 1933
Mexican Revolution • http://www.slideshare.net/gsill/mexican-revolution-1197865
