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Publishing Cooperatives

Publishing Cooperatives. THE SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION 21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20036 (202) 296-2296 www.arl.org/sparc. First International Public Knowledge Project Scholarly Publishing Conference Vancouver, BC.

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Publishing Cooperatives

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  1. Publishing Cooperatives THE SCHOLARLY PUBLISHING & ACADEMIC RESOURCES COALITION21 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036(202) 296-2296 www.arl.org/sparc First International Public Knowledge Project Scholarly Publishing Conference Vancouver, BC Raym CrowSenior Consultant, SPARC Consulting Group

  2. What We’ll Cover • Society publishers are economically important

  3. What We’ll Cover • Society publishers are economically important • Society publishers face market & structural constraints

  4. What We’ll Cover • Society publishers are economically important • Society publishers face market & structural constraints • Cooperatives offer a model to support society self-publishing

  5. First Point:Society publishers are economically important

  6. The Mixed Market for Journals ~23,000 scholarly & scientific journals Increasing at ~3. 5% per year For-profit journals increasing at 2X the rate of society journals Per Ulrich’s analysis, 2005.

  7. The Mixed Market, 2025 Doubling every 22 years Commercial publishers represent slightly larger slices of much larger pie 68% 32% Per Ulrich’s analysis, 2005.

  8. The Mixed Market for Journals Average prices differ by publisher type Per Bergstrom & Dhuey, 2003.

  9. Journals per Society Almost 90% of publishing societies publish one journal Over 97% publisher three or fewer journals Per Ulrich’s analysis, 2005.

  10. Journals by Medium Substantial portion of peer reviewed journals remain print only Per Ulrich’s analysis, 2005.

  11. Why Society Publishers Important • Scholarly & scientific publishing doubling every 20 years • For-profit journals growing faster than non-profits • For-profit journals cost 3X to 5X more than self-published society journals

  12. Second Point:Society publishers face market & structural constraints

  13. Market Pressures • Pressure on subscription model • For-profit prices & bundles capturing budget dollars • Tight library budgets • Many small non-profits competing against a few large for-profits • Lack of market share & market power

  14. Market Pressures • Pressure on subscription model • Increased demand for online access & functionality • Requires ongoing technology investment • Online transition can raise member retention issues

  15. Market Pressures • Pressure on subscription model • Increased demand for online access & functionality • Market reaction to high commercial prices

  16. Market Pressures • Pressure on subscription model • Increased demand for online access & functionality • Market reaction to high commercial prices • Exodus from self-publishing

  17. Internal Constraints • Insufficient staff resources • Core competence in content & certification • Scarce in-house business management resources • Passive approach to subscription model

  18. Internal Constraints • Insufficient staff resources • Lack of investment capital • Hinders response to market demand • Impedes technological innovation

  19. Internal Constraints • Insufficient staff resources • Lack of investment capital • Innate conservatism • Affects perception of risk • Desire for control

  20. Shared Issues of Society Publishers • Very small • Marginal market power—as buyers • Marginal market power—as sellers • Insufficient staff resources • Lack access to key services • Undercapitalized • Conservative & risk averse

  21. Third Point:Cooperatives offer a response to the issues society publishers face

  22. Cooperatives Are Everywhere

  23. Consumer Cooperatives

  24. Producer Cooperatives

  25. Shared Service Cooperatives

  26. Cooperative Basics • Owned by members • Member equity based on use of services

  27. Cooperative Basics • Owned by members • Controlled by members • Members exercise democratic control

  28. Cooperative Basics • Owned by members • Controlled by members • For the benefit of members • Members determine services • Provides services at cost

  29. Co-op Financial Overview

  30. Co-op Financial Overview

  31. Co-op Financial Overview

  32. Co-op Financial Overview

  33. Potential Cooperative Structures

  34. Cooperative Benefits Collective action to—

  35. Cooperative Benefits Collective action to— • Increase market power & visibility

  36. Cooperative Benefits Collective action to— • Increase market power & visibility • Reduce costsvia scale economies & increased bargaining power

  37. Cooperative Benefits Collective action to— • Increase market power & visibility • Reduce costs • Supply missing services

  38. Cooperative Benefits Collective action to— • Increase market power & visibility • Reduce costs • Supply missing services • Pool capital & share risk

  39. Cooperative Benefits Collective action to— • Increase market power & visibility • Reduce costs • Supply missing services • Pool capital & share risk • Retain control

  40. Benefits for Libraries • Lower content costs • Maintain moderate prices • Increase society role in creating new publishing channels

  41. Benefits for Libraries • Lower content costs • Provide framework for alternative funding models • Allow publishers to explore new income models • Provide way for libraries to share risk

  42. In Sum, Publishing Cooperatives • Address society publisher issues—on publishers’ own terms • Increase society publishing role • Lower publisher & library costs • Provide basis for new funding models • Complement existing initiatives • Scalable & replicable

  43. For More Information Raym Crow Senior Consultant SPARC Consulting Group crow@arl.org

  44. Next Steps: Prerequisites • Adequately defined scope • Sufficient scale to warrant group action • Able to provide a solution solely on economic terms • Culturally, politically & economically appropriate for the group

  45. Next Steps: Co-op Launch Process • Exploratory meeting: identify unserved needs • Float concept proposal that conveys vision • Survey potential member universe • Analyze feasibility • Develop business plan • Implement & launch

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