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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Preconventional Level: Stage 1 Based on fear of punishment Actions judged by the

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Preconventional Level: Stage 1 Based on fear of punishment Actions judged by their consequences (not by intentions). Preconventional Level: Stage 2 Based on fair exchange (“You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours”)

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Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Preconventional Level: Stage 1 Based on fear of punishment Actions judged by the

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  1. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Preconventional Level: Stage 1 • Based on fear of punishment • Actions judged by their consequences (not by intentions)

  2. Preconventional Level: Stage 2 • Based on fair exchange (“You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours”) • Focused on satisfying personal needs

  3. Conventional Level: Stage 3 • Focused on maintaining affection and approval of family and friends • Intentions (rather than consequences) are considered in judging actions

  4. Conventional Level: Stage 4 • Based on an understanding of laws and duty • Laws need to be obeyed for the good of the social order (rigid)

  5. Postconventional Level: Stages 5 and 6 • Based on abstract principles that are universally valid (e.g., equality, respect for others, compassion) • May conflict with existing laws

  6. According to Kohlberg: • Stages are invariant (i.e., don’t skip stages) • Moral development involves discontinuous/qualitative change • Less advanced levels of moral reasoning are replaced by more advanced levels

  7. Moral development occurs as the result of cognitive development • Increases in perspective-taking (i.e., less egocentrism)

  8. Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Theory: • Stages seem to be invariant • Moral development may not be discontinuous • Individuals who are capable of reasoning at more advanced levels may also engage in reasoning at less advanced levels

  9. Moral development is related to cognitive development, but cognitive development is not the only factor influencing moral development

  10. Limitations/Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory • Focuses too much on moral reasoning and not enough on actual behavior • Level of moral reasoning and moral behavior are correlated, but the correlation is not that strong • People often reason at a lower level about real-life moral dilemmas than hypothetical dilemmas

  11. Neglects the role of culture • Kohlberg’s scoring system is biased toward individual rights • Some cultures place greater value on the good of the community than on individual rights—does not mean they’re less morally advanced

  12. Underestimates the influence of parents on moral development • Moral development is positively correlated with inductive discipline, which includes • Use of reasoning • Focusing children’s attention on the consequences of their actions for others

  13. Gender and Moral Reasoning • Evidence indicates that females don’t score lower than males using Kohlberg’s system • During adolescence and adulthood, females’ moral reasoning is more focused on caring for other people than is males’ moral reasoning

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