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Contents of Unit 18

Contents of Unit 18. 1. Language structures: sentences of unreal conditions 2. Dialogue I: Save Our Heritage 3. Dialogue II: Admiration 4. Reading: The Taj Mahal 5. Exercises. language structures.

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Contents of Unit 18

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  1. Contents of Unit 18 1. Language structures: sentences of unreal conditions 2. Dialogue I: Save Our Heritage 3. Dialogue II: Admiration 4. Reading: The Taj Mahal 5. Exercises

  2. language structures • If you were taking a short course in computer science, you’d be learning computer programming fast. • 2. Lu wouldn’t sing English songs unless she had learned them properly. • 3. Supposing the price were lowered, then Sue would certainly buy the fur coat. • 4. Bob didn’t work hard. Otherwise he wouldn’t have been sacked. • 5. If it hadn’t been for the sports meeting, I would have come to the video show.

  3. 1. related to something being done at present • 2. with the connective unless • 3. with the connective supposing • 4. with the connective otherwise • 5. in the if it hadn’t been for …pattern.

  4. Dialogue I • Questions • 1. What happened to the Drum Tower and Buddhist Temple? • 2. What is the fate of the 1000-year-old corridor and the tombstone of the Tang court? • 3. What do A and B think that the government should do about the people who damage ancient monuments? • 4. What is your opinion about the preservation of historical monuments?

  5. Dialogue II • 1. How to express admiration • 2. A dialogue about the manners in expressing admiration for Taj Mahal • 3. Ask Ss to read the dialogues in advance and make dialogues in pairs and perform in the class.

  6. Reading: The Taj MahalContents • I Background • II Questions • III Text structure • IV Detailed study of the text • V Discussion • VI Homework

  7. Taj Mahal, Agra,India

  8. I Background • Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world, and some Western historians have noted that its architectural beauty has never been surpassed. The Taj is the most beautiful monument built by the Mughals, the Muslim rulers of India. Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.

  9. Taj Mahal was built by a Muslim, Emperor Shah Jahan (died 1666 C.E.) in the memory of his dear wife and queen Mumtaz Mahal at Agra, India. It is an "elegy in marble" or some say an expression of a "dream." Taj Mahal (meaning Crown Palace) is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal at the lower chamber. The grave of Shah Jahan was added to it later. The queen’s real name was Arjumand Banu. In the tradition of the Mughals, important ladies of the royal family were given another name at their marriage or at some other significant event in their lives, and that new name was commonly used by the public. Shah Jahan's real name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurram before ascending to the throne in 1628.

  10. Taj Mahal was constructed over a period of twenty-two years, employing twenty thousand workers. It was completed in 1648 C.E. at a cost of 32 Million Rupees. The construction documents show that its master architect was Ustad ‘Isa, the renowned Islamic architect of his time. The documents contain names of those employed and the inventory of construction materials and their origin. Expert craftsmen from Delhi, Qannauj, Lahore, and Multan were employed. In addition, many renowned Muslim craftsmen from Baghdad, Shiraz and Bukhara worked on many specialized tasks.

  11. The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.

  12. Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The entire mausoleum (inside as well as outside) is decorated with inlaid design of flowers and calligraphy using precious gems such as agate and jasper. The main archways, chiseled with passages from the Holy Qur’an and the bold scroll work of flowery pattern, give a captivating charm to its beauty. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.

  13. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center. Each of these four sections is further subdivided into four sections and then each into yet another four sections. Like the Taj, the garden elements serve like Arabesque, standing on their own and also constituting the whole.

  14. II Questions • 1. When and in which country was the Taj Mahal built? • 2. What is the Taj Mahal? • 3. Why was it built? • 4. What is the Taj Mahal built of ? • 5. Where were the workers from? • 6. Was a tomb of black marble built when the Taj Mahal was completed? Why or why not? • 7. Where did the Emperor spend his last years? • 8. Where was he buried?

  15. III Text structure • 1.Everyone who has seen the Taj Mahal in India would probably agree that it is indeed a thing of beauty. • 2. India is a land of architectural magnificence, having many ornate and exquisite temples, monuments, and palaces, the best-known of all these is the beautiful Taj Mahal.

  16. 3. The history connected with the Taj Mahal is a very poignant one. • 4. The Taj Mahal stands on an eighteen-foot-high marble platform which has a delicate minaret on each corner, built of white marble. It is reported that it took 20,000 men working for almost 20 years to finish. • 5. The second tomb similar to the Taj Mahal was never built.

  17. Ⅳ Detailed study of the text • 1. doubtful: quest ional • 2. completion: fulfillment • 3. model: v, make as a prototype • 4. magnificence: grandness • 5. ornate: florid • 6. in honor of: in the memory of • 7. tender: mild • 8. shimmer: gleam • 9. dainty: graceful, charming

  18. Language points 10. sparkling: adj, brilliant 11. add to: improve 12. feminine: womanish 13. memorial: monument 14. delicately: gracefully 15. intricacy: complication 16. burial: funeral 17. symbolize: represent 18. manhood: adulthood 19. embed: insert, put into 20. miniature: small, tiny

  19. Reading ⅡThe Mosques of Istanbul Questions • 1.Why do visitors remember the day when they first say the skyline of Istanbul? • 2. How does the Blue Mosque get name? • 3. Why is Saint Sophia now a museum rather than a place for worship?

  20. V Discussion • What other kinds of western construction or buildings that you know, and what are they? • What are the features of each of them?

  21. VI Homework • 1. Finish the exercises in the textbook and workbook • 2. Surf on line and seek for more information on the different kinds of monuments or temples or Mosques and the like, then exchange the ideas with your classmates.

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