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Russian Declension and Conjugation

Russian Declension and Conjugation. Chapter 6: Conjugation. The basic structure of Russian words. prefix + root + suffix ++ ending All parts preceding the ending are the stem Root shapes:

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Russian Declension and Conjugation

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  1. Russian Declension and Conjugation Chapter 6: Conjugation

  2. The basic structure of Russian words • prefix + root + suffix ++ ending • All parts preceding the ending are the stem • Root shapes: • Most common is CVC, where final C is a hard consonant, a velar, or j (or rarely a palatal or c, which are secondary) • Other shapes: CC, VC, CVCVC (TORT)

  3. The shapes of prefixes • Possible shapes are: C, CC, CVC, CV, V, VC, CVCV • What part of the prefix is most important? • The last segment, since it interacts with the beginning of the root • We can group prefixes into those that end in V and those that end in C • In some instances we will treat those ending in C as –C/ (fill vowel) • Note that the z>s assimilation is spelled at the end of a prefix

  4. What about -ся? • Where does –ся fit into the basic structure of the Russian word?

  5. What about -ся? • Where does –ся fit into the basic structure of the Russian word? • Well, actually it goes beyond the structure of one word: -ся is an enclitic and gets added AFTER the ending

  6. Why? • Why do we use the term “non-past”?

  7. Why? • Why do we use the term “non-past”? • Because Russian has only two tenses: past and not. The non-past conjugation is interpreted as present or future (and a few other things) depending upon the aspect of the verb and the construction it is in.

  8. Finding the base form • Basically, you want to look for the LONGEST stem, the one with the most information • Unsuffixed verbs and those suffixed in –aj+ and –ej+ use the non-past stem • Suffixed verbs use the infinitive stem

  9. Verb types and conjugations

  10. Combinations of stem + ending

  11. V + V • If the second V is u or o, the preceding C mutates, except: • ns-A, NU, (NU) • žažd-a+, or-a+, sos-a+, ston-a+ • OVA & OV-A, where ov > uj • Velar stems only before o (includes lg -a+) • Consonant mutations are: • Dentals & velars > palatals, labials > labial + l’, others (n, l, r) just get soft

  12. Notes on stress • Unless otherwise noted, all primary (nonsuffixed) verbs have fixed stress in non-past. Placement of fixed stress depends on stem type. (All are ending stress except N, J, and gn’ij+ is an exception). Symbols indicate past stress. • Unless otherwise noted (n/s-A) all secondary (suffixed) verbs have fixed stress in the past. Symbols indicate non-past stress.

  13. Let’s go over these together… • Let’s grind through all the verb types one after another…

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