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Mineral Testing

Mineral Testing. Can you identify a rock-building mineral from it’s properties?. What is a mineral?. A _____________ is a substance with these characteristics: Solid _________________ Occurring

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Mineral Testing

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  1. Mineral Testing Can you identify a rock-building mineral from it’s properties?

  2. What is a mineral? A _____________is a substance with these characteristics: • Solid • _________________Occurring • _________________(never lived, although graphite, diamond, and calcite may be byproducts of organisms) • Definite ____________________for example, quartz (SiO2) or pyrite ( FeS2) or Halite (NaCl) • _________________Structure- has an ordered arrangement of atoms

  3. Properties of Minerals: Tools for Identification • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13-036800-8/ch10/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036800-8/video/lbminera.mov

  4. Hardness • Geologist use the__________ Hardness Scale • Developed by Friedrich Mohs about 200 years ago • Measures the __________of a mineral to _________ • _____________Test • A mineral of a given hardness will scratch a mineral of a lower number. http://zircon.mcli.dist.maricopa.edu/aaim/linear/L1.html

  5. Color • The most obvious ________________of a mineral is its color • Unfortunately, color is also the ________ likely to ___________the mineral. Quartz Feldspar Fluorite

  6. Luster • The way a mineral _______ ____ from its surface • ________– Shiny & Reflective • Vitreous- __________ • ________- Fibrous like silk • __________- Like mother of pearl or iridescent • ________- Appears greasy or oily • _______-Appears like it has a wax coating • ________or Earthy

  7. Streak Name: ______________________ Date: _______________ Pd: ____ • ________is the color of a mineral’s powder when it is dragged across an unglazed porcelain plate called a ________ __________ • A mineral’s streak often _________from the _________of its mineral.

  8. Cleavage • Minerals that split along a flat plane of weakness have _______________ • Only one plane of cleavage • 2 planes of cleavage • 3 planes of cleavage

  9. Fracture • Minerals that don’t break along a plane, but break with irregular shapes have ____________ • Conchoidal breaks along _____________________ • ______________fracture breaks like wood splinters. • ____________fracture is a catch all name for all other types of fracture. Conchoidal Splintery Uneven

  10. Mineral Identification Lab Directions General Directions • In this Lab you will use a variety of test to determine the properties of 6 minerals • You will be rotating through 6 stations of 16-18 minutes each and use 2 minutes to travel to the next room. • There will be 6 stations in each room, so you will have 2-3 minutes at each station. • Some stations will have a basket with a direction card and testing materials; and other stations will have just a direction card. This will allow you to have some time in between testing stations to finish recording your data and to start answering questions.

  11. Station # 1 Room ____ Specimen # ____ • Turn to the back of your data table and draw a picture of your mineral. • Note, and record if there are any distinguishing properties of this specimen. • Turn your data table face up and record the color of your specimen in your data table.

  12. Station # 2 Room #____ Specimen # ____ • Look carefully at your specimen and using the Luster Guide decide what type of luster your specimen has and record this information in your data table. • Now perform the Streak Test and record the specimen’s streak color in your data table. Not all specimens will leave a streak. Write “None”if your specimen doesn’t leave a visible streak color.

  13. Station # 3 Room #____ Specimen # ____ • Look at the picture, Does your specimen’s shape show cleavage or fracture? • Explain which type of cleavage or facture your mineral displays and explain how you know. Answer in the space provided on the back of your data table.

  14. Station 4 Room # ____ Specimen # ____ • Look closely at your specimen. Determine the Crystal size (no visible grain, fine, or coarse) and record the grain size in your data table. • Perform the hardness test on your specimen and record its Mohs Scale hardness number. Record the hardness number in your data table.

  15. Station # 5 Room # ____ Specimen A • Read the passage about your mineral. • Turn to the back side of your data sheet and note some common uses of this mineral. • This mineral is an important mineral with numerous uses. Sand, which is composed of tiny pebbles, is the primary ingredient for the manufacture of glass. Transparent Rock Crystal has many electronic uses; it is used as oscillators in radios, watches, and pressure gauges. It is also used as an abrasive for sandblasting, grinding glass, and cutting soft stones.It is important in the production of soaps and ceramics. Transparent Rock Crystal is used in the study of optics. It is essential in the computer industry, for the all-important silicon semiconductors are made from this mineral.

  16. magetite is an important ore of iron. Its perfect crystals are also famous among mineral collectors. This mineral is of scientific interest because of its special magnetic properties. Station # 5 Room # ____ Specimen B • Read the below passage about your mineral. • Turn to the back side of your data sheet and note some common uses of this mineral. • This mineral was once used as the main source of sulfur, but is now only a minor source for sulfur and iron. It was polished by the Native Americans in the early times and used as mirrors. Today, it is used as an ornamental stone, as well as a very popular stone for the amateur collector. It is sometimes used as gemstone by being faceted and polished for use as a side jewel in a ring, necklace, or bracelet.

  17. Station # 5 Room # ____ Specimen C • Read the below passage about your mineral. • Turn to the back side of your data sheet and note some common uses of this mineral. • This mineral is an important industrial mineral. Its resistance to heat, electricity and acids make it an ideal surface for lab counter tops and electrical switchboards. It is also an important filler material for paints, rubber and insecticides. Even with all these uses, most people only know this mineral as the primary ingredient in cosmetic powders.

  18. Station # 5 Room # ____ Specimen D • Read the below passage about your mineral. • Turn to the back side of your data sheet and note some common uses of this mineral. • This mineral has many uses, and must be heavily mined to satisfy demand. Some of its most famous uses are: • as food seasoning • for road safety to melt snow and ice • for cattle (it is essential to their health) • for medicinal purposes. • This mineral is also the most important ore of both sodium and chlorine.

  19. Station # 5 Room # ____ Specimen E • Read the below passage about your mineral. • Turn to the back side of your data sheet and note some common uses of this mineral. • This mineral is an important ore of iron. Its perfect crystals are also famous among mineral collectors. This mineral is of scientific interest because of its special properties.

  20. Station # 5 Room # ____ Specimen F • Read the below passage about your mineral. • Turn to the back side of your data sheet and note some common uses of this mineral. • This mineral is the primary ore of calcium. It is indispensable in the construction industry, forming the base of cement. Many important chemicals are created from It is a useful drug. It is also crucial in the manufacture of fertilizers, metals, glass, rubber, and paint. The transparent IcelandSpar variety, in which the double refraction is very apparent, was used as Nicol prisms for polarizing microscopes and other optical devices.

  21. Station #6 Room # ____ Specimen # ____ • Observe whether your specimen is magnetic or non-magnetic and record in your data table. • Gently rub a nail or tack point on your specimen in an attempt to loosen some of the specimen’s particles. Place 1or 2 drops of vinegar on the specimen where you loosened the particles. Use the provided hand lens and determine if your specimen reacts to the vinegar by fizzing; and record the information in your data table.

  22. Final Reminder • Your completed lab packet is due on Monday. • On Monday your science teacher will check over your lab packets and give you your Conclusion/Response Questions to complete.

  23. TalcMg3Si4O10(OH)2 Hydrous calcium silicate • Hardness- 1 • Color – White to pale Green • Luster- Pearly • Distinguishing Features- Extremely soft: feels soapy. Impurities may increase apparent hardness. Commonly in scaly masses.

  24. Halite (Rock Salt)NaCl Sodium chloride • Hardness – 2.5 • Color – Colorless, salmon, pastels • Luster- Vitreous (Glassy) to greasy • Distinguishing Features- Dissolves easily in water. Breaks it 90o angles. Tastes salty.

  25. CalciteCaCo3 Calcium carbonate • Hardness- 3 • Color – Colorless white, rarely pastels • Luster- Vitreous (Glassy) • Distinguishing Features- Reacts to a strong acid by fizzing (If using a strong vinegar, you might need to rough up the surface by scratching it a few times with a nail or push pin before testing to get the reaction)

  26. PyriteFeS2 Iron disulfide • Hardness- 6 • Color – Light brass-yellow • Luster- Metallic • Distinguishing Features- Black streak. Fragile. Note how streak is different than it’s color.

  27. MagnetiteFe3O4 Iron oxide • Hardness- 6 • Color – Black • Luster- Metallic • Distinguishing Features- Black streak. Magnetic. Grainy crystals common. Dense

  28. QuartzSiO2 Silicate • Hardness- 7 • Color – Colorless, White, Gray, Brown, Pink, Purple, Yellow, Various • Luster- Vitreous (Glassy) • Distinguishing Features- Crystals are 6-sided prisms. Crystals may be in clusters, or line cavities in rock, Conchoidal facture. No Cleavage. Many types: Rock crystal, Amethyst, Citrine, Chert

  29. Specimen A Specimen B Specimen C Cleavage or Fracture Present? Which Type? Cleavage or Fracture Present? Which Type? Cleavage or Fracture Present? Which Type? Other distinguishing Features? Other distinguishing Features? Other distinguishing Features? Specimen D Specimen E Specimen F Cleavage or Fracture Present? Which Type? Cleavage or Fracture Present? Which Type? Cleavage or Fracture Present? Which Type? Other distinguishing Features? Other distinguishing Features? Other distinguishing Features?

  30. Name ____________________ Period ___ Date _______ Teacher _______________

  31. Specimen A Specimen B Specimen C Specimen D Specimen E Specimen F

  32. Teacher’s Notes Please review this packet. Your students will be receiving some of this information on Thursday in preparation for Friday’s lab rotation. It may also help you understand the students’ lab processes. Students will be assigned to a group according to their bus assignment. The group assignment and rotation schedule will be distributed no later than Friday AM. You will need to divide your 24ish students into 6 station groups . We will prepare clearly marked station kits and materials for your rotations. However, due to transport time, I will need you to pick up your station kits from my classroom Friday morning before 8:20am. Feel free to enlist a student to help you carry your supplies. Each station will have enough supplies for your six rotations. Please refer to lab directions in your packet for specific station directions. A set of lab packets will be included with your kits. Distribute these to the students during your first rotation. There is a copy of Conclusion/Response questions included in this packet for your viewing. Please, do not print and distribute the Conclusion/Response questions. I will distribute the Mineral Descriptions and the Conclusion/Response questions during class on Monday. The students will make their mineral identity conclusions and reflective statements at that time. These final questions are meant to be reflective from their lab experiences. Thank you for all your help and understanding. Marti and Becky

  33. Conclusion: Use your collected data and mineral descriptions to identify each mineral. Mineral Identification Lab Response Questions: 1. Use your chart to examine and evaluate your data. Do any of your minerals have the same color? How useful is color in determining a mineral’s identify. 2. Classify your minerals into two groups according to crystal size. How do you think each group of minerals formed? 3. Did any of your minerals have a glassy or sparkly luster? Why do you think that minerals with a glassy or sparkly luster are more important to people? 4. How would knowing the hardness of a mineral help you decide how the mineral could be used? 5. Was streak color ever different from the color of the mineral? How could streak be useful in indentifying minerals that are the same color? 6.What physical property was most useful in classifying minerals

  34. Quartz is an important mineral with numerous uses. Sand, which is composed of tiny Quartz pebbles, is the primary ingredient for the manufacture of glass. Transparent Rock Crystal has many electronic uses; it is used as oscillators in radios, watches, and pressure gauges. Quartz is also used as an abrasive for sandblasting, grinding glass, and cutting soft stones.Quartz is important in the production of soaps and ceramics. Transparent Rock Crystal is used in the study of optics. Quartz is essential in the computer industry, for the all-important silicon semiconductors are made from Quartz. • magnetite is an important ore of iron. Its perfect crystals are also famous among mineral collectors. This mineral is of scientific interest because of its special magnetic properties. • Halite is the source of common salt. Enormous Halite deposits are worked for salt. Salt has many uses, and must be heavily mined to satisfy demand. Some of its most famous uses are:as food seasoningfor road safety to melt snow and iceas salt licks for cattle (these provide the cattle with salt, which is essential to their health)for medicinal purposes.Halite is also the most important ore of both sodium and chlorine. • Pyrite was once used as the main source of sulfur, but is now only a minor source for sulfur and iron. Pyrite was polished by the Native Americans in the early times and used as mirrors. Today, it is used as an ornamental stone, as well as a very popular stone for the amateur collector. It is sometimes used as gemstone by being faceted and polished for use as a side jewel in a ring, necklace, or bracelet. • Calcite is the primary ore of calcium. Calcite is indispensable in the construction industry, forming the base of cement. Many important chemicals are created from Calcite, as well as useful drugs. It is also crucial in the manufacture of fertilizers, metals, glass, rubber, and paint. The transparent Iceland Spar variety, in which the double refraction is very apparent, was used as Nicol prisms for polarizing microscopes and other optical devices. • Talc is an important industrial mineral. Its resistance to heat, electricity and acids make it an ideal surface for lab counter tops and electrical switchboards. It is also an important filler material for paints, rubber and insecticides. Even with all these uses, most people only know talc as the primary ingredient in talcum powder.

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