Synoptic Assessment

1. Synoptic Assessment Essay question

2. Synoptic Assessment - Essay • 45 minutes of exam time for the essay • Using knowledge and understanding from AS and A2 • Show a understanding of the broad principles of experimental investigation. • Breadth, not depth

3. Marking scheme • Knowledge and understanding 16 marks • Breadth of knowledge 3 marks • Relevant and suitable examples 3 marks • Quality of written English 3 marks _______ • Total 25 marks

4. What should you cover...? • At least 3 areas of the specification • Stick to the point • Finish each section before you move on • Don’t flit! • If the question asks for relationships between or comparison: make sure you pair.

5. The Pitfalls How not to write a synoptic essay in biology ………………………….. Write an essay on:The uses made of ATP by Plants and Animals What NOT to do: Write an introduction…. ‘I am going to…’ Talk about how ATP is MADE Refer ONLY to Plants .. or to Animals Write at length ONLY about Muscles or…… Waffle…. to fill up the time / space Write a conclusion… ‘I have told you about….’

6. The Pitfalls How the nasty people at the exam board try to catch you out………… 1. If all else fails……. Read the QUESTION!!!!! Write an essay on:The uses of ATP Mutation and its consequences Photosynthesis and its importance in ecosystems. You will lose marks if your essay is: Not SYNOPTIC enough: how many sections of the specification? Not RELEVANT enough: re-read No.1!!!!! Contains unscientific Terminology: Messages passing along nerves Enzymes killed by high temperature Antibiotics fight disease

7. Synoptic Essay Two main types of essays

8. Two types of essays • Structure and function • Causes and biological importance • Cycles across biology • Movements within cells

9. Marking scheme • Content 16 marks • Breadth of knowledge 3 marks • Relevant and suitable examples 3 marks • Quality of written English 3 marks _______ • Total 25 marks

10. An exceptional essay reflects the detail that could be expected from a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of relevant parts of the specification is free from fundamental errors maintains appropriate depth and accuracy throughout includes two or more paragraphs of material that indicates greater depth or breadth of study A good essay reflects the detail that could be expected from a comprehensive knowledge and understanding of relevant parts of the specification is free from fundamental errors maintains appropriate depth and accuracy throughout An average essay contains a significant amount of material that reflects the detail that could be expected from a knowledge and understanding of relevant parts of the specification. In practice this will amount to about half the essay. is likely to reflect limited knowledge of some areas and to be patchy in quality demonstrates a good understanding of basic principles but will contain some errors and evidence of misunderstanding A poor essay contains much material which is below the level expected of a candidate who has completed an A-level Biology course although there will be occasional valid points Contains fundamental errors reflecting a poor grasp of basic principles and concepts

11. Break it down • Content : at least 5 areas, two key points and an example • Eg“hydrolysis of ATP by ATPase releases energy than can be used for specific processes, for example, energy for active transport of mineral ions against a concentration gradient in root hair cells of a plant” • Or “ATP is used for the active transport of ions in a plant” • Breadth – 3 modules or kingdoms

12. Structure and Function relationships of carbohydrates

13. Find the hook..... • Cycles: List some • Molecular (ATP etc) • Cellular (cell, Calvin) • Systems: (breathing, cardiac) • Organisms (life, reproductive) • Populations (lag, log, stationary, death, repeat) • Community (predator-prey) • Environment (nitrogen, carbon) • Gene Technology (PCR)

14. Mutation and its consequences • Two main aspects to the essay: mutations; consequences • Mutations • A change in arrangement or amount of genetic material in a cell • May affect one or more genes • If in sperm or eggs, sex cells, it is inherited, hereditary mutations • If in body cell it is acquired (due to exposure to mutagen in environment or spontaneous) • Copying error during DNA replication Mutagens Ionising radiation Ionises DNA Chemicals Alkylating agents, transfer methyl and ethyl groups to DNA

15. Mutations • Types of mutation: • Deletions • Insertions • Substitutions – nonsense, mis-sense, silent • May affects the structure and function of polypeptides and the resulting protein due to the change in hydrogen bonding between R groups of amino acids making up the polypeptide chain. • Affects the function of the protein, which may not function in its usual way • May not affect if the new codon codes for the same amino acid. All but two amino acids are coded by more than one codon Frame shift

16. Consequences of mutations • Problems arising from mutations • Tumour – benign, malignant • Due to mutation in proto-oncogenes, (genes which encode proteins which stimulate normal growth) generates oncogenes. • Increased production of or activity of proteins: uncontrolled cell growth leads to tumour • Tumour suppressor genes: (genes which encode proteins that inhibit cell division, promote cell adhesion, repair damaged DNA • Cell division continues inappropriately: tumour develops

17. Disease states – cause and symptoms (brief) • Cystic Fibrosis • SCID • Huntingdons • Benefit of mutations: evolution, genetic diversity

18. How to Beat the System!!!!! No.1 Read the Questions with Extreme Care!!!! No. 2Select the onewhich gives youmost SYNOPTICcontent No. 3 Planyour essay using Spider Diagrams No. 4 Selectapprox 8 ‘aspects’andorderthem logically. No. 5 Write aparagraph for each ‘aspect’in the order you decided Do NOT…….. Write waffly introductions Use Un-scientific terminology Include irrelevant information Write waffly conclusions

19. Lets give it a try……………………… Plan an ESSAY on ‘Molecular Shape in Biology’

25. Essay • You should write your essay in continuous prose. • Your essay will be marked for its scientific accuracy. • It will also be marked for your selection of relevant material from different parts of the specification and for the quality of your written communication. • The maximum number of marks that can be awarded is • Scientific 16 • Breadth of knowledge 3 • Relevance 3 • Quality of written communication 3 • Write an essay on the following topic: • The importance of shapes fitting together in cells and organisms. • (Total 25 marks)

26. Past papers June 2002 • The different ways in which organisms use ATP. • How the structure of cells is related to their function. January 2003 • The biological importance of water. • The movement of substances within living organisms. June 2003 • The structure and functions of carbohydrates. • Cycles in biology.

27. Past papers January 2004 • How the structure of protein is related their functions. • The causes of variation and its biological importance. June 2004 • The process of osmosis and its importance to living organisms. • Energy transfers which take place inside living organisms

28. Past papers June 2006 How is shape related to function June 2005 • Negative feedback in organisms. • Mean temperatures are rising in many parts of the world. The rising temperatures mat result in physiological and ecological effects on living organisms. Describe and explain these effects. January 2005 • How microscopes have contributed to our understanding of living organisms. • Enzymes and their importance in plants and animals.

29. New Specification Essays • 2013 Interactions of living organisms • 2012 Shapes in Biology, Effects of bacteria on organisms • 2011 Using DNA, Biological cycles • 2010 Effect of CO2, Causes of disease • Specimen: Global Warming, Variation