1. Brain-Based Learning

2. Multiple Learners • Multiple intelligences • Could do another workshop on that controversy entirely • Sometimes tied to brain-based learning, but not always

7. So What is it? • Seems to be whatever • There are some common themes

8. Origins • Hart (1983). Human Brain and Human Learning • Caine and Caine (1991) Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain

9. Common Themes • Glucose levels • Synaptogenesis • Safety (importance of emotions) • The key is establishing patterns • The brain wants to make sense of patterns • Everyone is different

10. Edutopia’s Six Tips • Create a “safe climate” for learning • Encourage a growth mind-set • Emphasize feedback • Get bodies and brains in gear • Start early • Embrace the power of novelty

11. Brain-Based Learning Practices • Just about everything • From candy to color • Focused on K-12, though we do hear about it in higher ed.

12. Team building activities; rituals especially the physical • High energy, multimedia rich classrooms • Students focus on “real” problems • Student customization and focus of curriculum

13. So what’s the problem? • Mix of practical, theoretical, etc.

14. Focus on Feelings • Concern that students are coddled • Need to for positive emotions outweighs rigor • Some “Brain-based” learners do suggest a balance (e.g. “Relaxed alertness”)

15. Example • “The Instructor, rather than evaluating for correctness, provides feedback (an important distinction) on content and form, and answer questions like ‘How does this work make me feel?’ rather than ‘Does this work say what I want it to say?” Keto, A. (2005). Integrating Brain-Based Learning in the College Composition Classroom

16. Focus on multimedia • Clark’s grocery truck • Hard to separate medium and method • Time taken to develop Clark, R. (1994). Media will never influence learning. Educational Technology Research and Development 42(2), 21-29. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30218684

17. Cognitive load • The task of negotiating and exploring a domain is expensive • In other words, students focus more on the logistics than the content • Experience does not give concepts meaning, if anything ‘concepts give experience meaning’”

18. Financial motive • For-profit companies like to use “Brain-based” • “There are no formal guidelines to which researchers, curriculum publishers, or private educational consultants must adhere when they make claims about brain-based educational strategies.” – Judy Willis M.D.

19. Brain chemistry unknowns • Correlation between synapse density and glucose level established • But that doesn’t imply a casual inference

20. Synaptogenesis • Brain has been shown to be flexible • Not necessarily a small window Goswami, U. (2006). Neuroscience and education: from research to practice?.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(5), 406-413.

21. Neural density • Exact relationship between neural density is not understood • Neural density may not tie to particular learning outcomes

22. We know which parts of the brain are active during learning but not the interaction • Still true but we have more precise images Bruer (1997). Education and the Brain: A Bridge Too Far. Educational Researcher 26(8), 4-16

23. Which leads us to the problem…

24. “People have been sold a bill of goods that there is enough here to make curricular decisions.” – Kathryn Hirsh-Pasek, Temple University http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/10/13/the-case-for-chutes-and-ladders.html

25. In search of… Results of neuroscience Elvis Generalized practice

26. “…the current fashion for brain-based learning, in which value-laden claims about learning are grounded in neurophysiology.” Davis, A. (2004). The credentials of brain‐based learning. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 38(1), 21-36.

27. Example • Stress shown to affect later learning development • So what does that mean for the classroom?

28. Another Example

29. Is there anything there? • Some of the things we encourage are promoted by “brain-based” learning

30. Active learning • Students doing more than rote learning when possible

31. Real Problems • “Engaged” learning

32. Encouraging students • “Threat” vs. “Challenge”

33. Basic needs • Who is going to argue against eating right?

34. Conclusion • Research is interesting but there is a gap between conclusions and what becomes practices • Those which are the safest practices have been suggested without brain ties

35. What’s the solution? • Tommerdahl, J. (2010). A model for bridging the gap between neuroscience and education. Oxford Review of Education, 36(1), 97-109.

37. Questions or comments?