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Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce. E-Business, Ninth Edition. Chapter 2 E-Business Technology Basics. E-Business, Ninth Edition. Learning Objectives. The origin, growth, and current structure of the Internet How packet-switched networks are combined to form the internet

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Electronic Commerce

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  1. Electronic Commerce E-Business, Ninth Edition

  2. Chapter 2 E-Business Technology Basics E-Business, Ninth Edition

  3. Learning Objectives • The origin, growth, and current structure of the Internet • How packet-switched networks are combined to form the internet • How Internet protocols and Internet addressing work • The differences among internets, intranets, and extranets • Options for connecting to the Internet, including cost and bandwidth factors • Internet2 and the the Semantic Web Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  4. Contents One The Internet and WWW SevenInternet2 and the Semantic Web SixInternet connection options TwoPacket-switched networks ThreeInternet protocols FiveIntranets and extranets FourMarkup languages and the Web Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  5. 2.1 The Internet and The World Wide Web Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  6. 2.1 The Internet and the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web 2.1.1 Origins of the Internet 2.1.2 New Uses for the Internet 2.1.3 Commercial Use of the Internet 2.1.4 Growth of the Internet 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  7. 2.1 The Internet and the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • Computer network • Any technology allowing people to connect computers to each other • Internet • A group of computer networks that have been interconnect .In fact, “internet” is a short for “interconnected network” (small) • One particular internet, which uses a specific set of rules and connects networks all over the world to each (capital “I”) • World Wide Web (Web) • Subset of Internet computers on the Internet that are connected to one another in a specific way that makes them and their contents easily accessible to each other. • Most important things--Includes easy-to-use interfaces 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  8. 2.1.1 Origins of the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web • Early 1960s • Defense Department nuclear attack concerns • Used powerful computers (large mainframes) • Used leased telephone company lines • Single connection • Single connection risk solution • Communicate using multiple channels (packets) • 1969 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) • Packet network connected four computers • ARPANET: earliest network (became the Internet) • Academic research use (1970s and 1980s) 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  9. 2.1.2 New Uses for the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web • Defense Department network use was original goal • Control weapons systems, transfer research files • 1970s: other uses • E-mail (1972) • Networking technology • Remote file transfer and computer access • Mailing lists 邮件名录 • E-mail address forwards message to subscribed users • 1979: Usenet (User’s News Network)用户新闻组 • Started by a group of students and programmers at Duke University and the University of North Carolina • Read and post articles • Different topic areas that are called Newsgroups新闻组 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  10. 2.1.2 New Uses for the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web • Game-playing software created • Limited Internet use • Research and academic communities • 1979 – 1989 • Network applications improved and tested • Defense Department’s networking software • Gained wider academic and research institution use • Common communications network benefit recognized • Security problems recognized • 1980s: personal computer use explosion • Academic and research networks merged • Companies increasingly used it to construct their own internal networks 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  11. 2.1.3 Commercial Use of the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web • National Science Foundation (NSF)美国科学基金会 • The Defense Department network and most of the academic networks that had teamed up with it were receiving funding from it • The NSF prohibited commercial network traffic on its networks, • 1989: the NSF permitted two commercial e-mail services • MCI Mail and CompuServe, to establish limited connections to the Internet for the sole purpose of exchanging e-mail transmissions with users of the Internet. • 1990s: • people from all walks of life—not just scientists or academic researchers—started thinking of these networks as the global resource that we now know as the Internet. 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  12. 2.1.4 Growth of the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web • 1991, the NSF • Further easing of commercial Internet activity restrictions and began implementing plans to privatize the Internet • 1995: privatization of the Internet • The NSF Operations turned over to privately owned companies • Internet based on four network access points (NAPs) • Network access points (NAPs)网络访问点 • Located in San Francisco, New York, Chicago, and Washington, D. C. • Each operated by a separate telecommunications company • More companies opened, known as network access providers 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  13. 2.1.4 Growth of the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web • Network access providers 网络访问提供商 • Sell Internet access rights directly to larger customers and indirectly to small firms and individuals through Internet service providers (ISPs) • Internet service providers (ISPs)互联网服务商 • Sell to smaller firms and individuals • Internet hosts 互联网主机 • Directly connected computers 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  14. 2.1.4 Growth of the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web • In 40 years, Internet growth • Technological and social accomplishment • Used by millions of people • Thousands of different software packages • Billions of dollars change hands yearly • The opening of the Internet to business activity helped to dramatically increase its growth; however, there was another development that worked hand in hand with the commercialization of the Internet to spur its growth. The development was the World Wide Web 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  15. 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • Web (World Wide Web) • As a technological level, the Web is nothing more than software running on Internet-connected computers • Generates network traffic • Web software: largest single traffic category • Outpaces: e-mail, file transfers, other data transmission traffic • New way of thinking about information storage and retrieval • Key technological Web elements • Hypertext • Graphical user interfaces 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  16. 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • The Development of Hypertext • 1945: Vannevar Bush: The Atlantic Monthly article • Visionary ideas about future uses of technology to organize and facilitate efficient access to information. (Memex) • 1960s: Ted Nelson described hypertext • Hypertext: A similar system in which text on one page link to text on other pages • Douglas Engelbart created the first experimental hypertext system • 1989: Tim Berners-Lee (CERN) • Proposed hypertext development project • Provided data-sharing functionality • Developed hypertext server program code 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  17. 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • Tim Berners-Lee (1955- ) • 互联网之父 • 1976年毕业于英国牛津大学物理系，获得一级荣誉学位。 • 1984年进入欧洲原子核研究会（CERN）建立的粒子实验室 • 1989年提出万维网的构想 • 1990年开发出第一个网页服务器 • 1999年被时代杂志评为20世纪最重要的100位人物之一 2.1 2014/10/26 16 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  18. 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • The Development of Hypertext • Hypertext server • Stores Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files • Computers connect and read files • Web server (today) • Hypertext servers used on the Web • HTML • Developed by Berners-Lee from his original hypertext server program • Set of codes (tags) attached to text • Describes relationships among text elements • Hypertext link (hyperlink) • Points to another location • Same or another HTML document 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  19. 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • Graphical Interfaces for Hypertext • Web browser • A software interface that lets users read (or browse) HTML documents and move from one HTML document to another through text formatted with hypertext link tags in each file • HTML document • No specification of text element appearance • A Web browser presents an HTML document in an easy-to-read format in the browser’s graphical user interface (GUI) • GUI: A way of presenting program control functions and program output to users and accepting their input • Pictures, icons, and other graphical elements instead of displaying just text 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  20. 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • The World Wide Web • Berners-Lee called his system of hyperlinked HTML documents the World Wide Web • Quick acceptance in scientific research community, but few people outside that community had software that could read the HTML document • 1993: Marc Andreessen at the University of Illinois wrote Mosaic • The first GUI program that could read HTML and use HTML hyperlinks to navigate from page to page on computers anywhere on the Internet. • Mosaic was the first Web browser that became widely available for personal computers, and some Web surfers still use it today 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  21. 2.1.5 Emergence of the World Wide Web The Internet and the World Wide Web • The World Wide Web • Easy way to access Internet information • Provided by functional system of pages connected by hypertext links • Profit-making potential • 1994: Andreessen and other members of the University of Illinois Mosaic team joined with James Clark of Silicon Graphics to found Netscape Communications • Its first product, the Netscape Navigator Web browser • Netscape Navigator Web browser program based on Mosaic, was an instant success • Microsoft: Internet Explorer (most widely used) • Mozilla Firefox: Netscape Navigator descendant • Number of Web sites • More rapid growth than the Internet itself 2.1 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  22. 2.2 Packet-Switched Networks 2014/10/26 21 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  23. 2.2 Packet-switched Networks 2.2 Packet-switched Networks • Local area network (LAN) 局域网 • Network of computers located close together • Wide area networks (WANs) 广域网 • Networks of computers connected over greater distances • The early models (dating back to the 1950s) for WANs were the circuits of the local and long-distance telephone companies of the time, because the first early WANs used leased telephone company lines for their connection • Circuit 线路 • Combination of telephone lines and closed switches connecting them to each other 2014/10/26 22 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  24. 2.2 Packet-switched Networks 2.2 Packet-switched Networks • Circuit switching • Centrally controlled, single-connection model • Single electrical path between caller and receiver • Works well for telephone calls • Does not work as well for: • Sending data across large WAN, interconnected network (Internet) • Circuit-switched network problem • Connected circuit failure • Causes interrupted connection, data loss • Solution • Packet switching: move data between two points 2014/10/26 23 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  25. 2.2 Packet-switched Networks 2.2 Packet-switched Networks • Packet-switched network • Internet uses packet switching to move data between two points. • Files and e-mail messages on a packet-switched network are broken down into small pieces, called packets, that are labeled electronically with their origins, sequences, and destination addresses. • Packets travel from computer to computer along the interconnected networks until they reach their destinations • The destination computer collects the packets and reassembles the original file or e-mail message from the pieces in each packet. 2014/10/26 24 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  26. 2.2.1 Routing Packets 2.2 Packet-switched Networks • Routing computers • Decide how best to forward each packet • Router computers, routers, gateway computers, border routers • Gateway computers: Gateway from LAN (WAN to the Internet) • Border routers: Between organization and the Internet • Routing algorithms • Programs on routing computers that determine best path on which to send each packet contain rules • The programs apply their routing algorithms to information they have stored in routing tables or configuration tables 2014/10/26 25 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  27. 2.2.1 Routing Packets 2.2 Packet-switched Networks • Routing tables • The information includes lists of connections that lead to particular groups of other routers, rules that specify which connections to use first, and rules for handling instances of heavy packet traffic and network congestion. • Variety of rules and standards for creating packets • Hubs集线器, switches交换机, bridges • The network devices that move packets from one part of a network to another • Routers are used to connect network to other networks 2014/10/26 26 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  28. 2.2.1 Routing Packets 2.2 Packet-switched Networks • When packets leave a network to travel on the Internet, they must be translated into a standard format. Routers usually perform this translation function • Internet routers handle packet traffic along main connecting points • These routers and the telecommunications lines connecting them are collectively referred to as the Internet backbone • These routers, sometimes called backbone routers • Three billion packets per second 2014/10/26 27 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  29. 2.2.1 Routing Packets 2.2 Packet-switched Networks FIGURE 2-3 Router-based architecture of the Internet 2014/10/26 28 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  30. 2.3 Internet Protocols 2014/10/26 29 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  31. 2.3 Internet Protocols Internet Protocols 2.3.1 TCP/IP 2.3.2 IP Addressing 2.3.3 Domain Names 2.3.4 Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols 2.3.5 Electronic Mail Protocols 2.3.6 Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail (UCE, Spam) 2.3 2014/10/26 30 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  32. 2.3 Internet Protocols Internet Protocols • Protocol: collection of network data rules • A collection of rules for formatting, ordering, and error checking data sent across a network • Includes rules about what is allowed in a transmission and how it is formatted • Computers must use same protocol • Proprietary architecture (closed architecture)专用体系结构 • Each computer manufacturer creates own protocol • Computers made by different manufacturers could not be connected to each other 2.3 2014/10/26 31 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  33. 2.3 Internet Protocols Internet Protocols • Open architecture • Developed for the evolving ARPANET, which later became the core of the Internet, included the use of a common protocol for all computers connected to the Internet • Four key message-handling rules: • Independent networks should not require any internal changes to be connected to the network • Packets that do not arrive at their destinations must be retransmitted from their source network • Router computers act as receive-and-forward devices • No global control exists over the network • has contributed to the success of the Internet because computers manufactured by different companies can be interconnected 2.3 2014/10/26 32 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  34. 2.3.1 TCP/IP Internet Protocols • The Internet uses two main protocols: • Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)传输控制协议 • Controls message or file disassembly into packets before Internet transmission • Controls packet reassembly into original formats at destinations • Internet Protocol (IP)网络协议 • Specifies addressing details for each packet • Labels packet with origination and destination addresses • TCP/IP refers to both protocols • Used today (replaced ARPANET NCP) 2.3 2014/10/26 33 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  35. 2.3.2 IP Addressing Internet Protocols • Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) • Used for past 20 years • Uses a 32-bit number to identify computers connected to the Internet. This address is called an IP address • IP address • 32-bit number identifying computers • Base 2 (binary) number system • Computers use for internal calculations • Digit: 0 or a 1 (on or off condition) • Four billion different addresses (232 = 4,294,967,296) 2.3 2014/10/26 34 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  36. 2.3.2 IP Addressing Internet Protocols • Dotted decimal notation点分十进制 • Four numbers separated by periods • IP addresses range: 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 • Byte (8-bit number) • Called an Octet (networking applications) • Binary values: 00000000 to 11111111 • Decimal equivalents: 0 to 255 • Five organizations assign IP addresses 2.3 2014/10/26 35 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  37. 2.3.2 IP Addressing Internet Protocols • New devices creating high demand for IP addresses • Subnetting子网技术 • Use reserved private IP LAN (WAN) addresses to provide additional address space • Private IP addresses专用IP地址 • IP numbers not permitted on Internet • Network Address Translation (NAT) device网络地址转换器 • Converts private IP addresses into normal IP addresses 2.3 2014/10/26 36 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  38. 2.3.2 IP Addressing Internet Protocols • Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) • Replaces IPv4 (future) • Not directly compatible • Advantages • 128-bit number for addresses • (2128): 34 followed by 37 zeros • Packet format change eliminates unnecessary fields • Adds fields for security, other optional information • Shorthand notation system for expressing addresses (complex eight groups of 16 bits) • Group expressed as four hexadecimal digits separated by colons • CD18:0000:0000:AF23:0000:FF9E:61B2:884D 2.3 2014/10/26 37 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  39. 2.3.3 Domain Names Internet Protocols • Dotted decimal notation difficult to remember • Domain names • Sets of words assigned to specific IP addresses • Example: www.hebut.edu.cn • Contains four parts separated by periods • Top-level domain (TLD): rightmost part • Generic top-level domains (gTLDs) • Sponsored top-level domains (sTLD) • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)互联网域名与地址分配中心 • Responsibility of managing domain names and coordinating them with the IP address registrars. • Also responsibility of setting standards for the router computers that make up the Internet. 2.3 2014/10/26 38 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  40. 2.3.4 Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols Internet Protocols • Web client computers • Run software called Web client software (Web browser software) • Examples: Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome • Web browser sends Web page file requests to other computers (Web servers) • Web server computer • Run software called Web server software • Receives requests from many different Web clients and respnds by sending files back to those Web client computers. 2.3 2014/10/26 39 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  41. 2.3.4 Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols Internet Protocols • Client/server architecture • Combination of client computers running Web client software and server computers running Web server software • Web server software receives requests from many different Web clients • and responds by sending files back to those Web client computers. 2.3 2014/10/26 40 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  42. 2.3.4 Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols Internet Protocols • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)超文本传输协议 • The set of rules for delivering Web page files over the Internet • Developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 • Web page request using Web browser • User types protocol name • Followed by “//:” characters before the domain name • Example: http://www.163.com • Uniform Resource Locator (URL)统一资源定位符 • Combination: protocol name, domain name • Allows a user to locates resources (Web page) on another computer (Web server) 2.3 2014/10/26 41 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  43. 2.3.5 Electronic Mail Protocols Internet Protocols • Electronic mail (e-mail) • Sent across the Internet must also be formatted according to a common set of rules • Most organizations use a client/server structure to handle e-mail • E-mail server • Computer devoted to e-mail handling • E-mail client software, such as Microsoft Outlook • Reads and sends e-mail • An increasing number of people use e-mail services that are offered by Web sites, such as Hotmail, Gmail • The e-mail servers and clients are operated by the owners of the Web site 2.3 2014/10/26 42 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  44. 2.3.5 Electronic Mail Protocols Internet Protocols • With so many different e-mail client and server software choices, standardization and rules are very important • If e-mail messages did not follow standard rules, an e-mail message created by a person using one e-mail client program could not be read by a person using a different e-mail client program. • Two common protocols used for sending and retrieving e-mail • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)简单邮件传输协议 • Specifies mail message format • Describes how mail is to be administered on the e-mail server and transmitted on the Internet • Post Office Protocol (POP)邮局协议can tell the e-mail server • Sends mail to user’s computer, deletes from server • Sends mail to user’s computer, does not delete • Simply Asks if new mail arrived 2.3 2014/10/26 43 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  45. 2.3.5 Electronic Mail Protocols Internet Protocols • Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 多用互联网邮件扩展 • Set of rules for handling binary files • Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) 交互式邮件访问协议 • Newer e-mail protocol • Same basic POP functions • Includes additional features 2.3 2014/10/26 44 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  46. 2.3.6 Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail (UCE, Spam) Internet Protocols • Spam • Also known as: • Unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE) • Bulk mail • Electronic junk mail types • Solicitations, advertisements, or e-mail chain letters • Wastes people’s time and computer disk space • Consumes large amounts of Internet capacity • Distracts employees 2.3 2014/10/26 45 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  47. 2.4 Markup Language And The Web 2014/10/26 46 Chapter1 The second of wave of global e-business

  48. 2.4 Markup Language and the Web 2.4 Marrkup Language and the Web 2.4.1 Markup Languages 2.4.2 Hypertext Markup Language 2.4.3 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 2.4.4 HTML and XML Editors 2014/10/26 47 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  49. 2.4 Markup Language and the Web 2.4 • The most important parts of a Web page are the structure of the page and the text that makes up the main part of the page. • They are stored in a text file that is formatted, or marked up , using a text markup language • Text markup language 文本标记语言 • Specifies tag set inserted into text • Markup tags (tags)标记 • Formatting instructions Web client understands • HTML • Web markup language most commonly used • Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) subset • Older, more complex text markup language • Meta language:used to define other languages Marrkup Language and the Web 2014/10/26 48 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

  50. 2.4 Markup Language and the Web 2.4 Marrkup Language and the Web • Extensible Markup Language (XML)扩展标准语言 • Derived from SGML • Mark up shared information • Meta language • User creates markup elements extending XML usefulness • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) • Not-for-profit group that maintains Web standards • Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) • HTML version 4.0 reformulation as XML application 2014/10/26 49 Chapter2 E-Business Technology Basics

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