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Exploring Light and Stars: A Journey Through the Universe

Discover the wonders of stars and galaxies as you delve into the mysteries of light. Learn about the electromagnetic spectrum, stellar spectra, characteristics of stars, life cycles of stars, and the vastness of the universe.

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Exploring Light and Stars: A Journey Through the Universe

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  1. Stars and Galaxies 28 CHAPTER EXIT CHAPTER 28.1A Closer Look at Light 28.2Stars and Their Characteristics 28.3Life Cycle of Stars 28.4Galaxies and the Universe CHAPTER OUTLINE

  2. 28.1A Closer Look at Light 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X rays, and gamma rays. electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic spectrum continuous spectrum emission spectrum absorption spectrum click image to enlarge SECTION OUTLINE

  3. 28.1A Closer Look at Light Emission Spectrum of Hydrogen Absorption Spectrum of Hydrogen 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY There are three types of visible spectra that astronomers use to study stars: a continuous spectrum, an emission spectrum, and an absorption spectrum. Astronomers analyze stellar spectra to determine star composition. electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic spectrum continuous spectrum emission spectrum absorption spectrum SECTION OUTLINE

  4. 28.1A Closer Look at Light Emission spectrum of hydrogen Redshift: This spectrum shows hydrogen shifted to the red end of the spectrum. This star is moving away from Earth. Blueshift: This spectrum shows hydrogen shifted to the blue end of the spectrum. This star is moving toward Earth. 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY Star movement is also recorded in the spectra and is determined through a phenomenon known as the Doppler effect. electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic spectrum continuous spectrum emission spectrum absorption spectrum SECTION OUTLINE

  5. 28.2Stars and Their Characteristics LYRA HERCULES CYGNUS DRACO BOÖTES CANES VENATICI URSA MINOR CEPHUS LACERTA COMA BERENICES CASSIOPEIA PEGASUS URSA MAJOR CAMELOPARDALIS LEO PERSEUS PISCES LEO MINOR LYNX 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY constellation apparent magnitude Hydrogen and helium are the two most abundant elements in stars. astronomical unit light-year Stars can be grouped into constellations. parsec luminosity absolute magnitude Cepheid variable SECTION OUTLINE

  6. 28.2Stars and Their Characteristics Betelgeuse There are stars of different brightness in the constellation Orion, including two of the brightest stars as viewed from Earth—Betelgeuse and Rigel. Rigel 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY constellation apparent magnitude Stars differ in mass, size, and surface temperature. Surface temperature affects the color of stars. astronomical unit light-year Apparent magnitude, luminosity, and absolute magnitude are used to describe the brightness of stars. parsec luminosity absolute magnitude Cepheid variable SECTION OUTLINE

  7. 28.2Stars and Their Characteristics 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY constellation apparent magnitude Stars differ in mass, size, and surface temperature. Surface temperature affects the color of stars. astronomical unit light-year Apparent magnitude, luminosity, and absolute magnitude are used to describe the brightness of stars. parsec luminosity absolute magnitude Stars that show variation in brightness are known as variable stars. Cepheid variable Distances in space are measured in astronomical units, light-years, and parsecs. SECTION OUTLINE

  8. 28.3Life Cycles of Stars The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots a star’s luminosity against its surface temperature. The diagram’s groups of stars represent life-cycle stages of stars. Most stars are main-sequence stars. Red Supergiants Blue Supergiants Highest <Main Sequence> Red Giants Luminosity White Dwarfs Red Dwarfs Lowest Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Temperature Hottest Coolest 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY main sequence giant star supergiants white dwarf nebula planetary nebula supernova neutron star pulsar black hole SECTION OUTLINE

  9. 28.3Life Cycles of Stars 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY A star’s fate depends on its mass. main sequence giant star A star with a mass similar to the sun’s will become a white dwarf. supergiants white dwarf nebula planetary nebula supernova neutron star click image to enlarge pulsar black hole SECTION OUTLINE

  10. 28.3Life Cycles of Stars 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY A star’s fate depends on its mass. main sequence giant star A star with a mass eight or more times greater than the sun’s will either become a black hole or a neutron star. supergiants white dwarf nebula planetary nebula supernova neutron star pulsar black hole click image to enlarge SECTION OUTLINE

  11. 28.4Galaxies and the Universe Spiral Galaxy 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY Galaxies contain millions or billions of stars. There are three major types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. galaxy quasar big bang model SECTION OUTLINE

  12. 28.4Galaxies and the Universe Elliptical Galaxy 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY Galaxies contain millions or billions of stars. There are three major types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. galaxy quasar big bang model SECTION OUTLINE

  13. 28.4Galaxies and the Universe Irregular Galaxy 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY Galaxies contain millions or billions of stars. There are three major types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. galaxy quasar big bang model SECTION OUTLINE

  14. 28.4Galaxies and the Universe 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies VOCABULARY Galaxies contain millions or billions of stars. There are three major types of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. galaxy quasar big bang model Normal galaxies emit as much radiation as that given off by their stars. Active galaxies emit much more radiation than that given off by their stars, possibly due to supermassive black holes at their center. The big bang model is a hypothesis about the origin of the universe. The expansion of the universe and cosmic background radiation are evidence for the big bang model. SECTION OUTLINE

  15. 28 CHAPTER CHAPTER HOME Stars and Galaxies This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the CHAPTER HOME button or exit the presentation.

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