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Ecosystems and Living Organisms

Chapter 4. Ecosystems and Living Organisms. Evolution. Overproduction. Variation. Struggle for existence. Differential reproductive success. Genetic changes in a population through time. Occurs through natural selection. Evolution. Darwin’s Finches. Evolution. Kingdoms of Life.

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Ecosystems and Living Organisms

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  1. Chapter 4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms

  2. Evolution Overproduction Variation Struggle for existence Differential reproductive success • Genetic changes in a population through time. • Occurs through natural selection

  3. Evolution • Darwin’s Finches

  4. Evolution • Kingdoms of Life

  5. Biological Communities • Rotting Log Community

  6. Biological Communities Rocks Lichens Mosses • Succession: • How Communities Change over Time • Primary succession –

  7. Biological Communities Grasses Shrubs • Succession: How Communities Change over Time • Primary succession – Rocks Lichens Mosses

  8. Biological Communities Grasses Shrubs Trees • Succession: How Communities Change over Time • Primary succession – Rocks Lichens Mosses

  9. Biological Communities • Secondary Succession

  10. Interactions Among Organisms • Symbiosis – • one species living in or on another species • results from coevolution

  11. Interactions Among Organisms With mycorrhizae Without mycorrhizae • Symbiosis – • Three types 1) Mutualism

  12. Interactions Among Organisms Epiphytes • Symbiosis – • Three types 2) Commensalism

  13. Interactions Among Organisms Tracheal mites • Symbiosis – • Three types 3) Parasitism

  14. Interactions Among Organisms • Predation – predators consuming prey • Most common method:Pursuit and Ambush

  15. Interactions Among Organisms • Animals that consume plants = herbivores • Animals that consume animals = carnivores • (can be further subdivided based on prey type, such as an insectivore)

  16. Interactions Among Organisms • Defenses against predators: • Plant defenses – • spines, thorns • leathery leaves • toxic chemicals • thick waxes

  17. Interactions Among Organisms • toxic chemicals • Defenses against predators: • Animal defenses – • armor, spines

  18. Interactions Among Organisms • Defenses against predators: • Animal defenses – • armor, spines • toxic chemicals • camouflage • running away

  19. Interactions Among Organisms • Competition – • individuals attempting to utilize common resources • Intraspecific competition • Interspecific competition

  20. The Ecological Niche Green Anole Brown Anole • An organism’s adaptations, use of resources, lifestyle, and habitat. • Fundamental vs. Realized Niche • Example: Tale of Two Anoles

  21. The Ecological Niche Fundamental Niche of Green Anole Fundamental Niche of Brown Anole • Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Overlap Brown anole out-competes green anole, therefore . . .

  22. The Ecological Niche Realized Niche of Green Anole Realized Niche of Brown Anole • Fundamental vs. Realized Niche Overlap

  23. The Ecological Niche • Limiting Resources

  24. The Ecological Niche • Competitive Exclusion

  25. The Ecological Niche • Competitive Exclusion

  26. The Ecological Niche • Competitive Exclusion

  27. The Ecological Niche • Resource partitioning

  28. Keystone Species • Single species that strongly influences an entire community. • Example: figs • - frugivores depend upon fruit • - usually avoid figs, but during certain times of the year, figs are only species bearing fruit • - if figs were eliminated, many frugivores would die out

  29. Species Richness • Number of different species in a community

  30. Species Richness Forest Grassland ECOTONE Where edge effect occurs Typically greater species richness

  31. Species Richness Ecosystem services Ecosystem • Species Richness and Ecosystem Services Purify air / water Forests,Grasslands Produce / maintain soil Absorb CO2 Wildlife habitat Freshwater systems Moderate water flow Mitigate flooding Dilute / remove pollutants Drinking water Recreation

  32. Species Richness • Species Richness and Community Stability • Greater the richness = Greater the stability

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