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Dr. O. P. Parameswaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Fine Arts,

Indian Painting B.A. II. Dr. O. P. Parameswaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Fine Arts, Post Graduate Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh. Decorative Designs of illustrated Kalpasutra Manuscript.

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Dr. O. P. Parameswaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Fine Arts,

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  1. Indian PaintingB.A. II Dr. O. P. Parameswaran, Assistant Professor, Department of Fine Arts, Post Graduate Govt. College for Girls, Sector-11, Chandigarh.

  2. Decorative Designs of illustrated Kalpasutra Manuscript

  3. The Western Indian tradition of manuscript painting spread over the Gujarat and Rajasthan area. • It evolved steadily from 11th to 16th centuries, despite iconoclastic depredations caused by the Muslim invaders.

  4. Contributing significantly, to the development of Rajasthani School, it also shaped the vocabulary of visual expression of Indian miniature painting at a formative stage. • The regional manifestation of this style, at Mandi, Gwalior, Delhi and Jaunpur were equally important in this respect.

  5. Veneration of scriptures (Jnana-Puja or Sastra Puja) was an age old practice among the Jainas. Temple libraries (Jnana-Bhandaras or Sastra Bhandaras), established by 8th century AD, were headed by eagerly erudite monks called Battaraks. • They zealously acquired and commissioned manuscripts, mainly of religions texts and occasionally of works on grammar, rhetoric and astrology.

  6. It was they again, who encouraged bankers and merchants as well as the laity to donate transcriptions of sacred texts to the bhandaras. This act of Sastra-dana came to be considered as virtuous. • The Kalpasutra (The Book of Sacred Precepts), with its two important hagiographic sections on the founders of Jainism is undoubtedly one of the most revered texts of the Svetambaras and was most often selected for making illustrates copies to be offered.

  7. Earliest Jaina manuscripts were done in palm leaves (1100 to 1400 AD). Paper was introduced in the 14th century manuscripts. From 15th century to early 17th century they have used cloth, paper and wooden panel for painting. Finally western Indian style is merged into Rajput- Mughal style.

  8. Decorative designs of Kalpsutra manuscript • One of the important stylistic features of Western Indian Manuscript to be mentioned is the elaborate decoration.

  9. In the paper manuscript period of Western Indian Painting, the marginal decoration had reached its zenith in some of the best manuscripts of the Kalpasutra. It is marvelous how the painters, who could never claim to be great artists as far as human figure and landscape were concerned, proved their merit as decorators.

  10. All the designs are distinguished by careful execution, perfect balance and beautiful colour schemes. The patterns are never repeated

  11. Foreign influence: Floral meanders, diapers, palmates, arabesque, flowers and leaves arranged in cloud pattern, lozenges in combination with sprigs rosettes, knotted loops in combination with diaper, etc. are some of motifs which show foreign influence

  12. Indian Designs: There are patterns, however, distinctively Indian in form and spirit. The hamsa-heads pecking at floral petals, rows of fish arranged decoratively, antelopes, panels divided into compartments showing lions, peacocks, and geese, row of elephants etc. are good examples of pure Indian decoration.

  13. Kalpasutra in Devara Pada. Ahemdabad. collection of the late Muni Dayavimalaji. It is probably the most beautiful manuscript and unparalleled account of its border musical modes and different dance poses are used as decoration. The figures of the dancer, are remarkably beautiful, and reveal at once the mastery of the painters in catching the spirit of the fleeting movements in dance and translating them through the medium of line and colours.

  14. At one place battle scenes of Persian origin have been used as decoration. • From the decorative borders of this manuscript, it is evident that Persian art was making in roads in the realm of Indian art, at least hundred years before the foundation of Mughal School of Akbar

  15. Decorative patterns borrowed from architecture, such as rosette (phulla), floral scrolls in circles and ovaloids (kishti), diapers with onion-shaped compartments filled with flowers (badrun), circles filled with arabesque (chanda), bent things with curved points (danda, murri), interlaced flowers and creepers (Jangla) etc. have also been_used on an extensive scale.

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