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English Reformation c.1530-1660

English Reformation c.1530-1660. How to Interpret English Reformation. Major Historical Questions Reformation(s)—fast or slow? Force of change—from above or below?. Pre-Reformation English Church. Isolated from Rome Sacramental society with emphasis on penance and Eucharist

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English Reformation c.1530-1660

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  1. English Reformationc.1530-1660

  2. How to Interpret English Reformation • Major Historical Questions • Reformation(s)—fast or slow? • Force of change—from above or below?

  3. Pre-Reformation English Church Isolated from Rome Sacramental society with emphasis on penance and Eucharist Call for reform of personnel and institutions (not theology) Heresy put down PEOPLE GENERALLY CONTENT WITH RELIGIOUS PRACTICE

  4. Beginning of Change: Henry VIII (r.1509-1547) Defender of the Faith Protestant ideas Break with Rome (1533) Succession crisis Help from reformers Unification Church of Crown Act of Supremacy = monarch is supreme head of English Church Crown controls church administration and defines doctrine HINT: This is significant 

  5. Changes to religious beliefs and practice? • Pope = foreign power & Catholicism threat • Dissolution of monasteries • Vernacular Bible • Doctrinal conservatism: • Clerical celibacy • Transubstantiation

  6. Reformation Enacted: Edward VI (r.1547-53) Continued succession crisis because of youth and poor health Surrounded by influential Protestants John Knox Thomas Cranmer, AB of Canterbury Martin Bucer & Peter Martyr Vermigli Reformation arrives in local parishes and laypersons start to experience changes HINT: This is significant 

  7. Changes of Doctrine and Practice BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER (BCP) 1549—bridged gap between Catholic practice and Protestant theology 1552—more Protestant DOCTRINE: Justification by faith Supremacy of Scripture Two sacraments Denies transubstantiation Denounce radical Anabaptism PRACTICE: Role of priests modified Vernacular services Images and alters removed

  8. Tradition Restored: Mary I (1553-1558) Catholicism restored Why did ruling elite want her? Marian Exiles Persecution—”Bloody Mary” Changes: Papal sovereignty Retraining priests Church property? What is significance?

  9. Moderation: Elizabeth (1558-1603) Big Question: What did it mean to be Christian and English? Repeals Mary’s legislation Excommunication 1570 Marian exiles return and demand changes—Calvinists in Geneva stripped worship and replaced episcopacy with presbyters/elders

  10. Elizabethan Settlement Moderation--Recognizes two religious confession exists in realm Conformity--Act of Supremacy & Act of Uniformity Controversial traditions Clerical vestments Kneeling at Communion Making sign at baptism Bowing at name of Jesus Wedding ring in marriage ceremony Ringing church bells

  11. Catholics and Puritans Catholics • Modification of ritual • Jesuit Missionaries Puritans • Presbyterianism = synod run by clergy & laymen • Main Conflicts • Emphasized preaching—prophesyings • Extremely anti-Catholic • Disapproved ‘superstitious’ rituals • Placed predestination at center of theology • Sabbatarianism = Strict observance of Lord’s Day (Sunday)

  12. Cracks Appear: James I (1603-25) Clear legitimate heir—but Scot Only unites Crowns—so three confessions Millenary Petition (1603) & Hampton Court Conference (1604) Dissatisfaction with strict predestination Arminianism: Christ died for all—free will to resist/accept God’s grace Gunpowder Plot (1605)—rampant paranoia Book of Sports (1618)

  13. Return of Catholicism?: Charles I (1625-42) Unpopular Politics and Religion Absolutist ruler King = God’s representative and people should follow commands unless they directly contradict Scripture French Catholic wife Catholicism ‘permissible’ Book of Sports (1630s)

  14. Archbishop Laud, AB of Canterbury Laudian Reforms = Return to true church? Arminian theology Beauty of Holiness Uniformity of practice Dismissed noncorformists Suppressed Puritan lectureships Prevent gentry from appointing private chaplains CI’s ‘tyranny’ + Laudian reforms = gentry and Puritans unite because body of xns hold power as representative body

  15. Christian Freedom?: Civil War & Commonwealth (1642-59) Anything Goes (Toleration): Presbyterians = national church controlled by gentry & synods Independents (including Baptists) = gather voluntarily in autonomous congregations Quakers Handful 1653 & 40,000 by 1660 Reject established church Knowledge from divine inspiration Anyone can preach

  16. HELP!!!!: Restoration of Charles II (1660) Too much freedom of religion 1662 Act of Uniformity No toleration for nonconformists Catholics still despised

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