1 / 15

Opposing Policy Propositions

Opposing Policy Propositions. Refutation. Refuting means proving a person or statement to be wrong . In other words, refutation is an attempt to prove that the opposing claims, the evidence, and the reasoning are false. . Strategizing refutation.

cate
Télécharger la présentation

Opposing Policy Propositions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Opposing Policy Propositions

  2. Refutation • Refuting means proving a person or statement to be wrong. • In other words, refutation is an attempt to prove that the opposing claims, the evidence, and the reasoning are false.

  3. Strategizing refutation • Although for each advanced claim there can be a counter claim, there rarely is a need to actually counter all claims of the opponent. • In most real arguments there is not enough time to poke at every aspect of the opponent’s argument.

  4. How to find the weakest point? Understanding the argument • Finding the main claim, the thesis • Finding the reasons supporting the thesis; main points • Identifying the reasoning • Identifying supporting evidence.

  5. Refute the Reason for Change

  6. Refute the Reason for ChangeChallenge the Problem • The problem is not severe • The problem is stable or declining • The problem is narrow (the scope) • The problem is of little importance for the audience

  7. Challenge the accuracy of causesThe origins of the problem • What is the cause of the problem? • Is this the real cause of the problem? • Is the cause structural or attitudinal?

  8. Refute the Solutions • Identify Barriers • Dispute Workability • Present Disadvantages

  9. Identify Barriers • Policy is not available E.g., technology is not available • Policy is not acceptable E.g., policy will not pass constitutional scrutiny

  10. Dispute Workability • The policy is not affordable • Show costs / benefits analysis • The policy is difficult to implement • The policy cannot be enforced

  11. Present Disadvantages • The policy has unintended effect • It makes things worse • It creates more problems

  12. Offer a Counterproposal • Only after you exhausted all other means of refutation

  13. Question criteria / standards used for any value propositions / claims Show that criteria / standards are: • Not clear / vague / ambiguous • Difficult to apply / difficult to measure in practical situations • Not acceptable for the audience (be careful here: this challenge is a claim of value in itself)

  14. Question propositions of fact Refute evidence • Inaccurate / False / Insufficient • Incomplete • Inconsistent • Not recent enough • Sources Biased • Sources Unreliable

  15. Challenge ReasoningIdentify logical fallacies • Hasty Generalization • Forcing a Dichotomy (false dilemma) • Ad Hominem • Appeal to Authority / Tradition / People • Circular reasoning • Confirmation Bias

More Related