RIDDLE:

1. RIDDLE: • I am a vessel and a stone, When I am hot my temper is known, I have my own money as well as a bank, If I take a bath the devil you can thank, I have no mercy when I am cold, If I am bad ill will shall unfold, I can be thirsty and have shot many eyes, In the dead of night as the curdling hound cries.What am I? • Answer: Blood

2. What is the Significance of Blood? • Blood literally supplies the very materials that maintain life. Flowing through the arteries and veins, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the body and returns waste materials to be expelled from the body.

3. BLOOD • Before it flows through our veins and arteries, blood must be created. • How does this happen and what is in our blood?

4. What is Blood? • Blood is a mixture of cells and watery liquid, called plasmathat the cells float in. • It also contains other things like nutrients (such as sugar), hormones, clotting agents, and waste products to be flushed out of the body.

6. Is a clear, straw-colored liquid that carries the blood cells and various hormones, nutrients, and so on through the body It makes up a little more than half of the total blood volume. Plasma is about 90 percent water. The rest comprises various kinds of protein molecules, including enzymes, clotting agents, immunoglobulin (part of the immune system), and proteins that carry hormones, vitamins, cholesterol, and other things the body needs. Plasma also contains sugar (glucose) and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium, PLASMA

7. 3 Kinds of Cells in the Blood 1.Red blood cells (RBC): carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the body 2. White blood cells: help fight infection (immune response) 3. Platelets: help in clotting

8. Also called erythrocytes Most numerous making up 40-45 percent of one's blood Shaped like tiny doughnuts with an indentation in the center instead of a hole Contains a special molecule called hemoglobin Carries the oxygen The hemoglobin molecules loosely bind with oxygen Each hemoglobin molecule carries four molecules of oxygen. What makes blood red? The iron in hemoglobin RED BLOOD CELLS

9. WHITE BLOOD CELLS • Also called leukocytes • The body's mobile warriors in the battle against infection and invasion. • There are three types of white blood cell: granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes. White Blood Cell Blood Vessel Wall

10. PLATELETS • Also called thrombocytes help blood to clot • In their "resting" state, platelets look like two plates stuck together • When "activated" and helping to form a clot, they change shape and look like tiny roundish blobs with tentacles. • Smallest kind of blood cell. “Resting” Platelets “Activated” Platelets RBC

11. CLOTTING • Bleeding occurs: platelets clump together to help form a clot. • Also, when they are exposed to air, platelets start breaking down and release a substance into the bloodstream. • This substance starts a chain of chemical events that eventually causes a protein in the blood, to turn into a different substance, which forms long threads. These threads tangle up red blood cells to help form a clot, or scab, over the wound.

12. A scab is an external blood clot that we can easily see Internal blood clots A bruise Both scabs and bruises are clots that lead to healing Some clots can be extremely dangerous A blood clot that forms inside of a blood vessel can be deadly because it blocks the flow of blood, cutting off the supply of oxygen. A stroke is the result of a clot in an artery of the brain. If the oxygen flow is broken, paralysis, brain damage, loss of sensory perceptions, or even death may occur. BLOOD CLOTS

13. How is Blood Produced? • Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow • Bone marrow is a jellylike substance inside the bones that is composed of, among other things, fat, blood, and special cells that turn into the various kinds of blood cells. • In children, the marrow of most of the bones produces blood. • But in adults, only the marrow of certain bones -- the spine, ribs, pelvis, and some others -- continues to make blood.

14. How is Blood Produced? • As the blood cells develop from the stem cells in the marrow, they seep into the blood that passes through the bones and on into the bloodstream. • Blood cells "life spans“: • Red blood cells last about 120 days • Platelets about 10 days • White blood cells can last anywhere from days to years. • The body has a feedback system that tells it when to make new red blood cells. • If bodily oxygen levels are low (as they would be if there are too few red blood cells circulating), the kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin, which stimulates the stem cells in the marrow to produce more red blood cells

15. BLOOD TYPES • Blood transfusions were not possible until Karl Landsteiner first identified in 1901 the major human blood groups • O, A, B, and AB -- in a series of experiments • The ABO blood groups are defined by specific inherited molecules, or antigens, that are present on the surface of red blood cells. • One inherits either A or B antigens (group A or B), both A and B antigens (group AB), or neither antigen (group O). • a person develops a natural immunity, or antibody, in their plasma to the ABO antigens that are absent on their own red cells. • Type A person has anti-B antibodies, and group O person has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

17. Blood Types • The most common blood types in the U.S. are A+ and O+ -- about 72 percent of the population has one or the other. AB- is the rarest blood type (1 percent of the population). • What blood type is called the universal donor? • O-blood group • The red blood cells of a universal blood donor may be transfused to anyone regardless of their blood type. • Why is type O blood considered the universal donor? • Because type O blood does not have any antigens on the cells surface.

19. Blood Transfusions • What would happen if type A blood is mistakenly transfused to a group O recipient? • the anti-A antibody in the recipient's plasma destroys the transfused group A cells and a serious transfusion reaction occurs. • Why? • Because group O has anti-A as well as anti-B antibodies, group O recipients can only accept blood from group O donors. Conversely, group AB recipients can receive blood from all groups.

20. Rh Factor • The Rh factor: another antigens on the red cell surface • A person is defined as either Rh positive or Rh negative depending on the presence of the primary Rh antigen on the red cell. • A person only develops anti-Rh after exposure to Rh-positive red cells through transfusion or pregnancy. • Modern blood-banking technology uses highly sensitive tests to properly identify and match blood between donor and recipient.

21. NOTE: One unit of blood is roughly the equivalent of one pint. On average an adult has approximately seven to nine units of blood.

22. Sickle Cell Anemia • Symptoms: Abdominal pain, frequent infections, low red cell count, many serious complications • Shape of red cells changes and causes O2 stress. Cells become sharp and sticky clogging capillaries and break apart

23. Malaria • Caused by infection though mosquito bite by Plasmodium single celled organisms that feeds on the hemoglobin protein in RBC. • If the RBC is sickled then the parasite starves to death and dies. • Plasmodium must live in both species to complete its life cycle.