Gender Expectations and Violations: Chromosomes, Reproductive Tracts, and External Genitalia Development

1. Chapter 4 Opener Gender is a set of expectations about men and women that are sometimes violated

2. Figure 4.1 Human chromosomes

3. Figure 4.2 Development of the male and female reproductive tracts

4. Figure 4.2 Development of the male and female reproductive tracts

5. Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia

6. Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia (Part 1)

7. Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia (Part 2)

8. Figure 4.3 Development of the male and female external genitalia (Part 3)

9. Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles

10. Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles

11. Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles (Part 1)

12. Figure 4.4 Descent of the testicles (Part 2)

13. Figure 4.5 Turner syndrome

14. Figure 4.6 Partial masculinization of genitalia in a girl with congenital adrenal hyperplasia

15. Box 4.1 Personal Points of View: My Life With Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

16. Figure 4.7 Mental rotation task

17. Figure 4.8A Test of object location memory

18. Figure 4.8B Test of object location memory

19. Photo, p. 106 Wanton violence is predominantly a male activity

20. Figure 4.9 Gender constancy

21. Figure 4.10 Toy preference test

22. Photos, p. 109 Division of labor during human evolution may have fostered genes for different cognitive skills in the two sexes

23. Figure 4.11 Monkeys show humanlike toy preferences

24. Figure 4.12 Hormones and play

25. Figure 4.13 Finger-length ratio and gender

26. Box 4.2 Biology of Sex: “Eggs at Twelve”

27. Figure 4.14 Babies enter a gendered world

28. Figure 4.15 Influence of siblings on gender

29. Figure 4.16 The media influence gender

30. Box 4.3 Personal Points of View: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl

31. Figure 4.17 Influence of gender stereotypes on children’s memories

32. Figure 4.18 Social influences work in contradictory ways

33. Box 4.4 Cultural Diversity: Transgenders in Cross-Cultural Perspective

34. Figure 4.19 Chastity Bono transitioned to Chaz Bono in 2009

35. Figure 4.20 The vulva after sex-reassignment surgery

36. Figure 4.21 Transformation of the clitoris into a small penis

37. Box 4.5 Controversies: How Should We Treat Gender-Dysphoric Children?

38. Figure 4.22 Kate Bornstein, a trans woman

39. Figure 4.23 Transgender teen Gwen Araujo (A), and three of the men who beat her to death