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Standard 10: European Exploration. Reasons for the Age of Exploration. Gold The desire for wealth was the main reason for European exploration
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Reasons for the Age of Exploration • Gold • The desire for wealth was the main reason for European exploration • Wars fought were very expensive, so they needed to find lots of gold, silver, and jewels to pay for them. They thought Asia would have lots of it, so they wanted to find it and bring it back
Reasons for the Age of Exploration • God • Desire to spread Christianity • Believed duty was to continue to fight Muslims (bitterness left over from the Crusades) and seek to convert non-Christians • “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” - Bartolomeu Dias
Reasons for the Age of Exploration • Glory • Wanted to bring fame to themselves and their country • Expand Knowledge • They did not know much; most had never been outside Europe. They thought there was only one ocean. Many thought the world was flat; the educated knew the world was round, but they did not know how big it was.
Reasons for the Age of Exploration • Find a Sea Route to Asia • Merchants & traders hoped to profit from the trade of spices & other luxury goods from Asia • Silk road trade routes were dangerous • Sea was dangerous due to storms and pirates, so spices were very expensive • Became more expensive due to Turkish Empire cutting off trade routes. Could not defeat Turks in battle, so needed to find a way around the Turkish Empire • This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia
Advances in Technology • Cartographers • Map-makers • Began to create maps that were more accurate
Advances in Technology • Astrolabe • Device used to measure star position • Different types were made, but a mariner’s astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination • To find the latitude of the ship at sea, the noon altitude of the Sun was measured during the day or the altitude of a star of known declination was measured when it was on the meridian (due north or south) at night. The Sun's or star's declination for the date was looked up in an almanac.
Advances in Technology • Improved magnetic compass
Advances in Technology • Improved ships • Caravel • Ships with three masts, more sails, more cargo
1405:Zheng He launches the first of seven voyages of exploration. • Zheng He • Chinese Muslim admiral of the fleets • Most known for their remarkable size • Distances traveled, fleet size, and ship measurements • 40-300 ships sailed in each expedition, with crews numbering over 27,000 on some voyages • Included sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants, doctors, & religious leaders • Purpose: Distributed gifts of silver & silk to show Chinese superiority • 16 countries sent tribute to Ming Court • Chinese scholar-officials argued that the voyages wasted valuable resources that could be used to fight barbarian attacks from the north • As such, after the last voyage in 1433, China withdrew into isolation
Zheng He’s Treasure Ships (as compared to a European flagship) Zheng He
1419:Prince Henry starts a navigation school. • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) • His school of navigation • Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, & sea captains perfected their trade here • Portuguese led the way • Ships sailed down western coast of Africa • Established trading ports along the “Gold Coast” • Also traded for ivory • Eventually traded for African captives to be used as slaves
1488:Bartolomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa. • Explored SE coast of Africa • Considered sailing to India, but an exhausted crew and low food supplies forced him to return home
1492:Christopher Columbus reaches the Caribbean. • Goal of Expedition • Find a shorter route to Asia • First European since the Vikings to “discover” the new world • Although, he originally thought he had reached Asia, which is why he called the natives “Indians,” because he thought he was in the Indies – the name stuck • Immediate Outcomes • Increased tensions between Spain & Portugal • Long-Term Outcomes • Opened up the Americas to European exploration
1494:Spain & Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas. • As tension increased between Spain & Portugal over lands, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep the peace • Drew the Line of Demarcation • Imaginary dividing line drawn north to south through the Atlantic Ocean • All lands west belonged to Spain • All lands east belonged to Portugal • The Treaty was signed agreeing to the terms • Resulted in the countries opening up an era of exploration and colonization in earnest. Map showing lines on next slide
1498:Vasco de Gama reaches the port of Calicut on the Indian Ocean. • Explored East Africa on his way to India • Explorations led to the discovery that there was a direct sea route to Asia • Now, keep in mind, it was a long and treacherous journey, but it avoided territory controlled by the Ottoman Turks
1521:Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish expedition to the Philippines. • 1st person to lead an expedition around the world • Although, Magellan never actually made it – he died in a war in the Philippines • Out of 250 crew and 5 ships that set out on the journey, only 18 men and 1 ship made it back to Spain • Magellan is given credit for naming the Pacific Ocean (because of its calm waters) and discovered the Strait of Magellan on the southern tip of South America
Notable Spanish Explorers • Amerigo Vespucci • He was the first European to recognize that the new continents discovered by Columbus were not part of Asia(1502) • As a result, North and South Americawere named for him
Notable Spanish Explorers • Juan Ponce de Leon • He was the first European to explore Florida, searching for the Fountain of Youth (1513)
Notable Spanish Explorers • Vasco Núñez de Balboa • He was the first European to see the Pacific Oceanfrom its eastern shore (1513)
Notable Spanish Explorers • Hernando Cortez • He was a Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire(1521) • Spanish were able to defeat them because: • Superior weaponry • Aid from some other groups of natives • European diseases killed many Native Americans who had no immunity to the diseases
Notable Spanish Explorers • Francisco Pizarro • He conquered the Inca Empire (1533) • Created a large mestizo population • Imposed Spanish culture • Exploited Native Americans as laborers
Notable Spanish Explorers • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado • Discovered SW part of the United States, including the Grand Canyon(1540) • Unique because mainly priests explored and colonized much of the region
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Notable Spanish Explorers • Hernando De Soto • He led the first expedition across the southeastern United States(1539-1542)
Notable English Explorers • Sir Francis Drake • He helped defeat the Spanish Armada, and he was the first Englishman to sail around the world
Notable English Explorers • John Cabot • He was the first European since the Vikings to explore the mainland of North Americaand the first to search for the Northwest Passage
Notable English Explorers • James Cook • Circumnavigated the globe twice • First British ship commander to circumnavigate the globe in a lone ship • First known European to reach the Hawaiian Islands • Explored area around Australia and ventured south toward Antarctica
Notable French Explorers • Rene-Robert de La Salle • He was the first European to sail down the Mississippi Riverfrom the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico
de la Salle Rene-Robert
Notable French Explorers • Jacques Cartier • He discovered the St. Lawrence River
Notable French Explorers • Father Jacques Marquette • He was on the expedition that led to the discovery of the Mississippi River
Notable French Explorers • Louis Jolliet • He was the first European to travel down the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes
