Essential Question

1. Essential Question • What happened to Julius Caesar?

2. The start of Rome. • Rome originally had kings, but the last one was a tyrant. • Rome killed their king and started a republic. • Romans elected Senators to run the republic.

3. The expansion of Rome

4. Rome becomes an Empire • After winning the wars in Gaul (France) the Senate ordered Julius Caesar to disband his army. • Julius Caesar did not want to give up his power so he invaded Rome. • He ruled for 5 years before the senators assassinated him.

5. Describe Caesar in 6 words • Choose 6 words to describe Caesar for his memorial.

6. COLD CASE FILES CRIME REPORT 16 March, 44 BC On March 15, 44 B.C. Gaius Julius Caesar died of multiple stab wounds to the chest. There were many witnesses to the attack but few concrete details could be worked out. We know there were many senators involved in the attack but all fled the scene. The exact motivation and number of attackers is still unknown. There are three options to consider: - The senators assassinated Caesar due to jealousy of his fame. - The senators assassinated Caesar because they thought he was destroying Rome by making himself emperor. - Caesar allowed the assassination to happen because he wanted to die a memorable and heroic death. This case remains unsolved.

7. Senate Law Consider the following question as you look at the next slide. • What law did Caesar break?

8. 6th Senate 4th Session IN THE SENATE Some random bc date The following laws were accepted regarding the Roman Army: “Be it enacted that the following shall apply to all generals in the Roman army into the future. I. All men shall serve involuntary terms of no more than twenty years. II. No general may lead his army beyond the river Rubicon and into the lands of Italy. i. Any general who leads his troops beyond the river shall be considered a traitor against the Republic. ii. Soldiers who are led across the Rubicon are not bound to the commands of their general, instead they are bound to the commands of Roman law. III. Any soldier guilty of desertion will have his entire unit subject to decimation in addition to the regular penalty of death.”

10. Senate Law Take a minute to think and then write your answer. • What law did Caesar break?

11. Exhibit A: Ancient Newspaper • Which group loved Caesar? • What two reasons did they love him for? • How would the Senators feel about this?

12. THE ROMAN RECORD THURSDAY, NOV. 17, 43 BC CAESAR OUR HERO FOR SALE Licinius Gaxus Rome Correspondant ROME-A recent poll put Julius Caesar’s approval rating among the lower class at an incredible 82%. Analysis of the poll shows two main reasons why the people love him so much. First, unsurprisingly, is that Caesar gave many in the lower class money after a recent war. Senator Cassius remarked “This is an obvious case of bribery. He wants their support so he paid them off.” His arguments clearly did not matter to the lower class. One lightly used chariot. Never used in battle. Only used for light training. Don’t miss out on this chance to join in on the latest craze. Contact Jacinus Tacitus for pricing information and for further details. Secondly, Caesar’s incredible war record over the barbarians has brought peace and safety that Rome hasn’t seen in decades. “Without the attacks we can finally work in peace” said one local merchant. Cont.on B-4 ANNUAL GAMESCALLED SUCCESS Socratian Pompus Sports Desk In a surprise, the winner of this year’s gladiatorial games was none other than disgraced former general Commodus. Commodus shocked his opponents with incredible sword skills and a desire to win unmatched in the arena. “I had something to prove” Commodus later said. “I did not want to be remember as the great general who was but the fighter who is.”

13. Exhibit A: Ancient Newspaper • Which group loved Caesar? • What two reasons did they love him for? • How would the Senators feel about this?

14. Exhibit B: Ancient Artifacts 1. What does the coin say on it and what does it mean? 2. What is written on the tomb and what does it mean? 3. Why might Brutus have felt pressured to stop Caesar?

15. Caesar was very popular among the poor but many in Rome did not want a return to rule by one man. Caesar made coins with his image and the words “dictator for life” printed on them. No living leader had ever been put on a Roman coin. Many felt this action proved he planned to one day rule as king. Roman legend says that 600 years before Caesar a distant ancestor of Senator Brutus (a close friend of Caesar’s) killed off Rome’s last king leading to the beginning of the republic. This legend was still on the mind’s of the people as Caesar rose in power. This man’s tomb was covered with graffiti as well but not praising Caesar. Instead, this graffiti demanded that Brutus follow his ancestor and kill Caesar. The Latin phrase “SERVO RES PUBLICA” (Save the republic) was carved into the walls of the tomb in multiple places as seen above. It appears many people, not just a few jealous senators, wanted Caesar removed from power.

16. Exhibit B: Ancient Artifacts 1. What does the coin say on it and what does it mean? 2. What is written on the tomb and what does it mean? 3. Why might Brutus have felt pressured to stop Caesar?

17. Four Corners • A – The Senate killed Caesar because they were jealous of him. • B – The Senate killed Caesar to protect the Republic. • C – Caesar let himself be killed. • D- You have your own opinion. BE READY TO SHARE

18. Exhibit C: The Twelve Caesars by Plutarch • What did Caesar do to insult the Senators? • What excuse did he give? • What did Plutarch say about Caesar’s excuse?

19. HE MOST OPEN AND DEADLY HATRED towards Caesar was produced by his desire for royal power. For most Senators this was a first cause of hatred, and for those who had long hidden their hate, a Useful excuse for it. Once, after returning from battle the Senators attempted to honor Caesar with a gift. He would not even stand up to receive it. His refusal to stand for the Senate led to great controversy. Caesar was suffering from a type of mental illness and when he realized how he had offended them he stood up, drew back his toga to show his neck and yelled “kill me now, I won’t resist!” But afterwards he made his disease an excuse for his behavior, saying that those with his mental illness do not usually remain steady when they stand and speak to many people and that he would be greatly embarrassed if that happened. However, what he said was not true; actually he was very much wanted to rise to receive the senate; but one of his friends, as they say, or rather one of his flatterers, Cornelius Balbus, stopped him, saying: "Remember that you are Caesar, and you should be seen as their superior. The Twelve Caesars by Plutarch P. 247

20. Exhibit C: The Twelve Caesars by Plutarch • What did Caesar do to insult the Senators? • What excuse did he give? • What did Plutarch say about Caesar’s excuse?

21. Exhibit D: various warnings • If you had received these warnings what would you have done? • Do these warnings seem believable to you? Why or why not?

22. Caesar was warned repeatedly about a possible attack. He in fact delayed his visit to the Senate many times because of it. Here are two of the warnings. Warning from Calpurnia, Caesar’s Wife “My Lord! I have had a terrible nightmare! I saw myself holding your bloody body crying. Please, I beg of you, stay home. Tell them you are sick. Do not go to the Senate today!” Warning from Spurina, Fortune-Teller “The oracles tell of blood on this day, the Ides of March. Caesar, you must be careful.” He ignored them and went. That very day he was given a note giving specific details about the attack. Note found in Caesar’s Hand after the Assassination

23. Translation 15 March Great Caesar, My lord, you must not attend the meeting at the senate today. I have heard of a great conspiracy among the senators to take your very life. While I do not know the names of those involved I know there are many. If you go to the senate today as planned you will surely be murdered. There are men in the senate who are jealous of your power my lord and will do anything to stop you from taking your rightful place as ruler. Please, do not go to the senate today.

24. Exhibit D: various warnings • If you had received these warnings what would you have done? • Do these warnings seem believable to you? Why or why not?

25. Four Corners • A – The Senate killed Caesar because they were jealous of him. • B – The Senate killed Caesar to protect the Republic. • C – Caesar let himself be killed. • D- You have your own opinion. BE READY TO SHARE

26. Exhibit E: bodyguard’s statement • Why did Tyrannus think Caesar fired him? • What did Tyrannus hear from the other guard?

27. AO94 – Statement of Defense Court of Rome Republic of Rome vs. Senator Cassius Case Number: 12 Witness statement given by Tyrannus, one of Caesar’s bodyguards “Three days before the assassination Caesar fired me along with all of his other bodyguards. He told us he would be traveling on his own. We insisted that he keep us around to protect him. I don’t know what he was thinking. Maybe he was beginning to believe that he truly was a god and nobody could hurt him anyway or maybe he was just simply tired of being followed all the time. This was especially strange based on the threats that we heard from Cassius. One of the other guards told me he heard Caesar say that he didn’t want to live any more because of his sickness. I don’t know if this is true or not but either way it seems very odd. For days he had delayed his visit to the Senate due to all the warnings. And yet, only three days before he does go he gives up his protection?” SWORN TO before me this 18th day of March, 44 B.C. Marcelus Cicero Roman District Judge

28. Exhibit E: bodyguard’s statement • Why did Tyrannus think Caesar fired him? • What did Tyrannus hear from the other guard?

29. Indictment Now that you have seen all the evidence write an indictment. Did the senators do the right thing by assassinating Caesar?

30. IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTFOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA Investigator: Date filed: . INDICTMENT THE GRAND JURY CHARGES THAT: DEFENDANT __________________________________ (Write the name of who you believe committed the crime.) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CRIME OF _______________________ ________________________________________________________. WE OFFER THE FOLLOWING EVIDENCE: (What stations prove your argument? What do they show? Exhibit _____ shows Exhibit _____ shows Exhibit _____ shows

31. Present your indictment