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The World on the Eve of the World Wars

The World on the Eve of the World Wars. 1914-Present Lesson 1. Main Ideas:. A competitive environment in Europe increased the chances for hostility in the 20 th Century European alliance systems guaranteed that conflict between a few would lead to world war

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The World on the Eve of the World Wars

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  1. The World on the Eve of the World Wars 1914-Present Lesson 1

  2. Main Ideas: • A competitive environment in Europe increased the chances for hostility in the 20th Century • European alliance systems guaranteed that conflict between a few would lead to world war • Industrialism & imperialism put European colonies in a position to play a critical role in the coming conflict

  3. Sources of Tension • Economic • industrialism • Political • West vs. East • Imperialism • Ideological • Nationalism • Darwinism

  4. Role of the Colonies • Raw Materials • haves & have-nots • Project superiority of mother country • “My Empire Is Bigger than Yours” The British Empire, 1900

  5. Close Calls: Potential “World Wars” • “The Great Game” • GBR & RUS • FRA & GBR in the Sudan • The Moroccan Crises • FRA & GER • Naval Arms Race • GER & GBR

  6. New Players • The United States • Manifest Destiny • Spanish-American War • Luxury of Isolationism • Japan • “Asia for the Asians” • Russo-Japanese War, 1905

  7. Europe’s Alliance Systems • Advantage/Disadvantage • Germany • isolate France • Three Emperors’ Pact • GER, AUS, RUS • Lapse on Russia & Triple Alliance • GER, AUS, ITA • France & Russia • squeeze Germany • Triple Éntente • FRA, RUS, GBR (kind of)

  8. The Balkan Crisis, Part 1 • Serbian nationalism & Ottoman decline • Austria-Hungary • GER now major C European power • looking to spread into former Ottoman lands (Bosnia-Herzegovina) • Russia • “protector of Slavic peoples” • Assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, 1914 • The Black Hand • Austria’s ultimatum

  9. The Balkan Crisis of 1914 • Serbian nationalism & Ottoman decline • Austria-Hungary • GER now major C European power • looking to spread into former Ottoman lands (Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1908) • Russia • “protector of Slavic peoples” • Assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, 1914 • Gavrilo Princip & The Black Hand • Austria’s ultimatum, Serbia’s answer

  10. Final Steps to War • Germany’s “Carte Blanche” • “blank check” in dealing with Serbia • AUS-HUN withdraws offer to SRB--this guaranteed war in 1914

  11. Final Steps to War • Mobilization: moving men & materials into position for war (considered an act of war) • Aug. 1, 1914: RUS mobilizes on AUS-HUN borders • GER mobilizes vs. RUS in response

  12. August 1, 1914 Germany & France--students race to enlist and serve the fatherland General belief was that war would be over in a few weeks--no one wanted to miss it!

  13. Limited War vs. Total War • Total War: virtually all aspects of society factor in to war effort • Factors allowing for movement toward more total war • Democratization • Industrialization • Philosophical concessions

  14. Examples • Embargoes & blockades • “economic asphyxiation” • North on South in Civil War • GBR on GER in World War I • Civilian bombings • Disrupt life, terrorize pop., cripple morale • Battle of Britain, WWII • Hiroshima & Nagasaki

  15. Examples • Espionage & sabotage • War of information • Covert ops • French Resistance in WWII • Cold War • Propaganda • Control info • Boost morale & spread fear

  16. Examples • Terrorism • Typical when conventional force is too weak • Violent political action • Reign of Terror • Palestinians vs. Israel • Mass Destruction • Chemical, biological, nuclear • Cripple war effort through mass civilian death • Hiroshima & Nagasaki

  17. The Great War as Total War • Military exemptions for factory workers, soldiers as “labor” • Poilu Mutiny, 1917 • British blockade of Germany—starve them out! • Maintained until Aug. 1919 • Controlling information (esp. Germany) • Colonial production vital to war effort

  18. German, 1914

  19. American, 1918

  20. American, 1917

  21. German (Bavaria), 1914

  22. British, 1914

  23. German, 1918-19

  24. American, 1917

  25. German, 1914-15

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