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SQL: Overview and DDL Ch. 10.1 - 10.6

SQL: Overview and DDL Ch. 10.1 - 10.6. John Ortiz. Overview. SQL: Structured Query Language, pronounced S. Q. L. or sequel. A standard language for relational, object-relational databases: SQL-86 by ANSI, SQL1 by ISO (87), SQL-89, SQL2 (92), SQL-1999. Web site: www.ansi.org

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SQL: Overview and DDL Ch. 10.1 - 10.6

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  1. SQL: Overview and DDLCh. 10.1 - 10.6 John Ortiz

  2. Overview • SQL: Structured Query Language, pronounced S. Q. L. or sequel. • A standard language for relational, object-relational databases: SQL-86 by ANSI, SQL1 by ISO (87), SQL-89, SQL2 (92), SQL-1999. Web site: www.ansi.org • Implemented by all commercial R/OR DBMSs: Oracle, Sybase, Ingres, Informix, DB2, SQL Server, … (with various degree of conformity) • We focus on SQL2 & SQL-1999 features and also Oracle SQL. SQL: Overview

  3. Components of SQL • Have statements for • Schema definition & update • tables, indexes, views, … • Data Manipulation • query, insertion, deletion, update, … • Data integrity • constraints, … • System administration • users, data security, performance tuning, … • Application development • procedures, transaction, embedded SQL, … • … SQL: Overview

  4. SQL: A Simple Example • Create a Students table create table Students ( SSN char(9) not null, Name varchar2(20), GPA number(3,2), Age number(2), primary key (SSN)); • Insert a Student tuple insert into Students values (312334455, ‘John Smith’, 3.25, 29); SQL: Overview

  5. SQL: A Simple Example (cont.) • Retrieve names of students whose GPA is higher than 3.0 and Age is less than 30. select Name from Students where GPA > 3.0 and Age < 30; • What data types are supported? • What constraints can be expressed? How? • What if I want to change the schema? • How to change data? • How to express more complex queries? SQL: Overview

  6. Outline • Oracle SQL interface: sqlplus • SQL DDL • Interactive SQL queries, update, view • PL/SQL for procedures, constraints, triggers • Embedded SQL (Oracle Pro*C/C++, JDBC) • Oracle SQL Standard SQL • Oracle manual: Oracle SQL Reference Manual (on-line). SQL: Overview

  7. Oracle DBMS • A major commercial DBMS from Oracle (Object-Relational), supporting SQL. • Components: Oracle server, SQL*Plus, Precompilers (Pro*C/C++, …), JDBC driver, SQLJ, WebDB, Forms, Report, … • Platforms: Client-server, PC, Unix or Windows, Distributed, Parallel, … • Multiuser, Security, Transactions, Recovery, • We use it for course project and homework assignments. SQL: Overview

  8. Oracle DB User Account • Needed for every DB user. Has separate user id & password. • Access through CSLan UNIX accounts. • Environment variables for Oracle access: • Oracle_BASE, Oracle_HOME, PATH, LD_PATH, CLASS_PATH, … • On-line Instructions for using Oracle. • “Using Oracle in CSLab” on course web page. • On-line Oracle manuals (URL is given in the previous article). SQL: Overview

  9. Oracle SQL*Plus • Interactive user environment. • Runs SQL statements, PL/SQL statements, and other SQL*Plus commands • Allow simple command editing • Documentation: • On-line “help” command within sqlplus • On-line manual. • User login: Unix$sqlplus userid/pwd@cs SQL> exit SQL: Overview

  10. Use SQL*Plus to Run SQL • SQL*plus understands only Oracle SQL. • An SQL statement must end with semicolon ; a slash / on a line by itself, or a blank line. • An SQL statement can be typed in, or loaded from a .sql file (get filename). • An SQL can be executed from the command buffer (run), or from a .sql file (@filename) • SQL statement in buffer can be written to a .sql file (save filename) SQL: Overview

  11. Common SQL*Plus Commands • Display schema: describe table_name • Run Unix commands: !command • Run editor on .sql file: edit filename • Set host editor: define_editor=vi • Save a journal file: spool filename spool off • Customize environment: set option • Options: echo on, pause on, pagesize 30, … • View current settings: showall • Configuration file: login.sql SQL: Overview

  12. SQL*Plus Command Editing • Show command in buffer: list • A set of simple line editing commands. • Better use external editor, say, vi or emacs. SQL: Overview

  13. SQL Data Definition Language • Used by DBA or Designer to specify schema • A set of statements used to define and to change the definition of tables, columns, data types, constraints, views, indexes, … • SQL DDL & DML are integrated. • A DDL statement often needs to contain some DML statements. SQL: Overview

  14. A Sample University Schema • Students(SID:string, Name:string, Age:integer, Sex:char, Major:string, GPA:real) • Courses(Cno:string, Title:string, Hours:integer, Dept:string) • Enrollment(SID:string, Cno:string, Year:string, Grade:string) • Offers(Cno:string, Year:integer, FID:string) • Faculty(FID:string, Name:string, Rank:string, Dept:string, Salary:real) • Departments(Name:string, Location:string, ChairID:string) SQL: Overview

  15. Create Students Table • In SQL*Plus: SQL> create table Students 2 (SID char(9) not null, 3 Name varchar2(25), 4 Age integer, 5 Sex char(1), 6 Major char(4), 7 GPA number(3,2), 8 primary key (SID)); SQL: Overview

  16. Create Tables Syntax create table Table-Name ( Col-Name Type Deft-Val Col-Constraint, … Col-Name Type Deft-Val Col-Constraint, Table-Constraint, … Table-Constraint); SQL: Overview

  17. Oracle SQL Built-in Data Types • char(n). String of n < 2000 char • varchar2(n). String up to n <= 4000 char • long. Char string of length up to 2GB • number(n,m). n digits, m after decimal point. • number. Integer or real up to 40 digits • integer. Integer up to 40 digits • blob. Binary data up to 4 GB • date. DD-MMM-YY • time. HH:MM:SS • These may differ from SQL2 & SQL-1999. SQL: Overview

  18. SQL Integrity Constraints • Rules or regulations imposed to ensure data integrity. • Column Constraints. • Table Constraints. • Assertions (Multiple-table Constraints). • Triggers. • Primary Key, Foreign Key, Check, Not Null, Unique, … SQL: Overview

  19. Column Definition • Syntax for column definition: col_name data_type [default value] [column constraints] • Syntax for column constraints: [constraint constraint_name] [not] null | check condition | unique | primary key | references table_name [(column)] [on delete cascade] SQL: Overview

  20. Column Constraints • not null. Can not take null value. • unique. Can not have identical non-null values • primary key. Both not null and unique • references T(A). All non-null values must be currently in T.A. • check (condition). Values must satisfy the check condition. • Can be expressed as table constraints, too. SQL: Overview

  21. Column Constraints Example SQL>create table Courses (CNo char(6) primary key, Title varchar2(50) not null, Hours integer default 3 check (Hours > 0 and hours < 6), Dept varchar2(20) references Departments(Name)); SQL: Overview

  22. Table Constraints • Syntax for table constraints: [constraint constraint_name] check condition | unique (column {, column}) | primary key (column {, column}) | foreign key (column {, column}) references table_name[(column {, column})] [on delete cascade] SQL: Overview

  23. Table Constraints Example SQL> create table Enrollment (SID char(9) not null references Students, CNo varchar2(7) not null, Year number(2) not null, Grade char(2), primary key (SID, CNo, Year), foreign key (CNo) references Courses); SQL: Overview

  24. Table Constraints Example (cont.) SQL> create table Students (SID char(9) primary key, Name varchar2(25), Age integer check(Age > 18 and Age < 100), Sex char check(Sex in {‘F’, ‘M’}), Major varchar2(4) GPA number (3,2) not null, constraint ic12 check (GPA >= 2.0 and (Major = ‘IS’ or GPA >= 3.0))); SQL: Overview

  25. Referential Integrity & Data Update • Assume that Courses.Dept references Departments.Name. What should the system do to students if we change a department’s name or delete a department? • SQL provides four options: • No action. Disallow such an update. • Cascade. Accept update and update all affected foreign key values. • Set default. Accept update & set default FK. • Set null. Accept update & set FK to null. SQL: Overview

  26. Referential Integrity Example SQL>create table Courses ( CNo char(6) not null primary key, Title varchar(35) not null, Hours int check (Hours between 1 and 5), Dept varchar(20), foreign key (Dept) references Departments(Name) on delete no action on update cascade); SQL: Overview

  27. Drop Table • Delete schema definition of a table. drop table Table-Name; • Problem: drop table Departments will fail if it is referenced by foreign keys. • Solution: drop table Departments cascade constraints; All referential constraints will be dropped before the table is dropped. SQL: Overview

  28. Alter Table • Change table schema (even after entering data) • Add a new column. alter table Students add (Address varchar2(40)); • Add a new constraint. alter table Students add (unique(Address)); • Modify a column definition. alter table Students modify (Name varchar2(30)); SQL: Overview

  29. Alter Table (cont.) • Remove a column. alter table Students drop (Address); • Enable and disable a constraint on a table alter table Students enable constraint ic12; alter table Students disable constraint ic12; • Newly added column can not be specified as not null. • Can not modify a column to a type of a smaller size. SQL: Overview

  30. Simple Update Statements • Insert Statement: insert into table_name [(column {, column})] [values (expression {, expression})] • Update Statement: update table_name [corr_name] set column = {expression | null} {, column = {expression | null}} [where search_condition] • Delete Statement: delete from table_name SQL: Overview

  31. Example of Update insert into Students values (`123456789', `Kathy', 26, ‘F’, ‘CS’, null) or insert into Students (Name, SID, Age, Major, Sex) values (`Kathy', `123456789', 26, ‘CS’, ‘F’) SQL: Overview

  32. Example of Update (cont.) • Increase the GPA of the student with SID = 123456789 by 0.5. update Students set GPA = GPA + 0.5 where SID = '123456789‘ • Delete all tuples from Students. delete from Students • The schema of Students remains. SQL: Overview

  33. Data Dictionary • Data dictionary (system catalog) contains information about all database objects (tables, views, indexes, sequences, etc). • Common Oracle Data Dictionary Tables • user_objects(object_name, object_id, object_type, created, last_ddl_time, timestamp, status) • Example database objects include tables, views, sequences, indexes, and packages. SQL: Overview

  34. Data Dictionary (cont.) • user_tables(table_name, tablespace_name, num_rows, blocks, empty_blocks, avg_row_len) • user_tab_columns(name, table_name, column_name, data_type, data_length, nullable, column_id, default_length, data_default, num_distinct, low_value, high_value) • Use select * from dictionary to see all system tables and views. • Use describe table-name to view a schema. SQL: Overview

  35. DDL Summary • Specify appropriate data type for each column. You may also define your own domains. • Specify as many constraints as needed for applications. • Specify desirable actions for foreign key constraints. • Not all constraints can be specified at the same time. It is necessary to update schemas. • Major schema change after data is entered is very costly. SQL: Overview

  36. Look Ahead • Next topic: Interactive SQL • Read textbook: • Oracle 8 Programming: A primer by R. Sunderraman. Chapter 2. SQL: Overview

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