4.2 Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives, p. 196

1. AP Calculus AB/BC 4.2 Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives, p. 196

2. If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b], then at some point between a and b: Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

3. If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b], then at some point between a and b: Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous.

4. If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b], then at some point between a and b: Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous. The Mean Value Theorem only applies over a closed interval.

5. If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b], then at some point between a and b: The Mean Value Theorem says that at some point in the closed interval, the actual slope equals the average slope. Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives

6. Tangent parallel to chord. Slope of tangent: Slope of chord:

7. Example. The Mean Value Theorem states there is a tangent line that has the same slope as the secant line on [a, b], in this case slope = 0. a b The Mean Value Theorem tells us the number c exists without telling us how to find it.

8. Example (cont.). a b But, x = -1 is not in [0.5, 2], so x = 1

9. Example. A trucker handed in a ticket at a toll booth showing that in two hours she had covered 159 miles on a toll road with a speed limit of 65 mph. The trucker was cited for speeding. Why? By the Mean Value Theorem, which all toll booth attendants know, she must have gone 79.5 mph at least once in the two hour time period.

10. A function is increasing over an interval if the derivative is always positive. A function is decreasing over an interval if the derivative is always negative. A couple of somewhat obvious definitions:

11. Example. Use analytic methods to find (a) the local extrema, (b) the intervals on which the function is increasing, (c) the intervals on which the function is decreasing. Since f(x) is a parabola that opens down, (5/2, 25/4) is a maximum. p Day 1

12. Functions with the same derivative differ by a constant. These two functions have the same slope at any value of x.

13. Example. Find the function with the given derivative whose graph passes through the point P. Using the Power Rule backwards: Substitute the initial condition.

14. could be or could vary by some constant . Example 7, pg. 200 Find the function whose derivative is and whose graph passes through . so:

15. Example 7, pg. 200 (cont.) Find the function whose derivative is and whose graph passes through . so: Notice that we had to have initial values to determine the value of C.

16. Antiderivative A function is an antiderivative of a function if for all x in the domain of f. The process of finding an antiderivative is antidifferentiation. The process of finding the original function from the derivative is so important that it has a name: You will hear much more about antiderivatives in the future. This section is just an introduction.

17. Example. On the moon, the acceleration due to gravity is 1.6 m/sec2. (a) If the rock is dropped into a crevasse, how fast will it be going just before the bottom 30 sec later? Substitute the initial condition.

18. Example. On the moon, the acceleration due to gravity is 1.6 m/sec2. (b) How far below the point of release is the bottom of the crevasse? Substitute the initial condition.

19. Example. On the moon, the acceleration due to gravity is 1.6 m/sec2. (c) If instead of being released from rest, the rock is thrown into the crevasse from the same point with a downward velocity of 4 m/sec, when will it hit the bottom and how fast will it be going when it does? Substitute the initial condition. Substitute the initial condition.

20. Example 8b, pg. 201: Find the velocity and position equations for a downward acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2 and an initial velocity of 1 m/sec downward. (We let down be positive.) Since acceleration is the derivative of velocity, velocity must be the antiderivative of acceleration.

21. Example 8b, pg. 201: Find the velocity and position equations for a downward acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2 and an initial velocity of 1 m/sec downward. The power rule in reverse: Increase the exponent by one and multiply by the reciprocal of the new exponent. Since velocity is the derivative of position, position must be the antiderivative of velocity.

22. Example 8b, pg. 201: Find the velocity and position equations for a downward acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2 and an initial velocity of 1 m/sec downward. The initial position is zero at time zero. p Day 2