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EVOLUTIONARY

EVIDENCE and PATTERNS. EVOLUTIONARY. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION. NATURAL SELECTION. the mechanism of evolution. favors organisms that are better suited to survive in a given environment HOW? Variation Competition Reproduction Inheritance Selection. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT STRAINS

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EVOLUTIONARY

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  1. EVIDENCEand PATTERNS EVOLUTIONARY

  2. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION

  3. NATURAL SELECTION the mechanism of evolution • favors organisms that are better suited to survive in a given environment • HOW? • Variation • Competition • Reproduction • Inheritance • Selection

  4. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT STRAINS • Bacteria developed a mutation towards resistance to a antibiotic • Those w/ mutations survived and reproduced • Spread the survival gene to the next generations • They survive and become the majority of the population

  5. ‘SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST’ individuals with adaptations that help it survive and reproduce most successfully • Some organisms have traits that help them survive/reproduce better than others (adaptations) • Some organisms are well adapted to their environments and will reproduce more successfully (fitness) • Selected FOR an environment- traits are better suited for that particular environment • Selected AGAINST an environment- traits are not well suited for the environment

  6. CLASSIC EXAMPLE:INDUSTRIAL MELANISM & THE PEPPERED MOTH • 2 varieties of moth: dark and light • Pre-Industrial Revolution  dark moth was rare • During the Industrial Revolution  light moth became rare • WHY? Some moths had an adaptive advantage that  fitnessThose adaptations were passed on and that trait was selected FOR.

  7. FOSSIL RECORD SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION • FOSSIL RECORD shows: • direct evidence to the history of evolution • biological diversity, new species formation and mass extinction • relative age of other fossils and rock strata • some gaps w/in the fossil record due to geological and mechanical events

  8. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FOSSIL RECORD SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES • HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES • similar features that originated in a common ancestor with similar embryology • example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate species • HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES • similar anatomical features originating in a common ancestor w/ similar embryology • example: the forelimbs of different vertebrate species • ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES • similar features that have identical functions but w/ different embryology • and not derived from common ancestor • example: wings of bat, bird, and an insect

  9. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FOSSIL RECORD SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES • VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES • were useful to ancestors, but not useful in modern organisms • Ex: leg bones in whales and snakes • Ex : body hair (and nipples in males), wisdom teeth, and appendix in humans

  10. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

  11. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FOSSIL RECORD SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY EMBRYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES • EMBRYOLOGY • embryos of many vertebrates are similar in the development of tissues and organs • results in homologous structures

  12. EMBRYOLOGY

  13. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION FOSSIL RECORD SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY EMRBYOLOGY HOMOLOGOUS & ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES • SIMILARITIES IN BIOCHEMISTRY (MACROMOLECULES) • species with a common ancestor have similar RNA, DNA, and/or proteins • similar amino acid sequences

  14. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION ADAPTIVE RADIATION COEVOLUTION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION CONVERGENT EVOLUTION • COEVOLUTION • change of 2 or more species in close association with each other • example: predator/prey, parasite/host, or herbivore/plant

  15. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION ADAPTIVE RADIATION COEVOLUTION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION CONVERGENT EVOLUTION • CONVERGENT EVOLUTION • results in organisms that are not closely related having similar superficial appearances which live in similar environments • produces analogous structures • Ex: sharks and dolphins

  16. CONVERGENT EVOLUTION

  17. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION ADAPTIVE RADIATION ADAPTIVE RADIATION COEVOLUTION DIVERGENT EVOLUTION CONVERGENT EVOLUTION • DIVERGENT EVOLUTION • two or more related populations/species become more and more dissimilar • usually a response to differing habitats • DIVERGENT EVOLUTION • two or more related populations/species become more and more dissimilar and share a common ancestor • usually a response to differing habitats • Adaptive Radiation and Galapagos finches

  18. ADAPTIVE RADIATION

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