Jacksonian Democracy

1. Jacksonian Democracy Unit 5

2. “New Democracy” • Politicians appealing to the masses • High offices still belonged to the wealthy • Democracy’s emphasis change: -government for the people -done by the people • Leads to the spoil system…

3. New Democracy Cont… • Bases on white-male suffrage rather than property qualifications. • Between 1810&1821: 6 new western states grant more male suffrage, 4 eastern state reduce voting requirements • South was the last region to grant universal white-male suffrage

4. New Democracy Cont… • Jackson-result, not cause of new democracy. • Fredrick Jackson Turner- Frontier Shapes Americans • The rise of workingmen parties -labor movements -Locos Focos for example

5. Causes of New Democracy • Panic of 1819-McCullough vs. Maryland • Missouri Compromise-Goal of the white southerners

6. New Political Age • Two Party System reemerged by 1832 Jacksonian Democrats vs. Whigs (National Republicans) • Voter turnout dramatically increases • New campaign styles to appeal to the people • Voting Reform-Electoral college now chosen by the people

7. Election of 1824: “The Corrupt Bargain” • 4 candidates: Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun, and General Andrew Jackson • Jackson wins popular vote, but not enough electoral votes to be elected Similar to who….? • 12th amendment state the House of Reps must choose between the top 3 finishers • Clay – finished fourth, but was Speaker of the Souse. • Clays hatred for Jackson + support for John Quincy Adams = Jackson Losing and Adams becoming president. • Jackson’s supporters call it the “Corrupt Bargain” • Adam’s presidency would be plagued with growing sectionalism and the splitting of the republican party.

8. “Tariff of Abominations” • 1828 –Adam’s Presidency • Congress Increases Tariff to 37% on goods (from 23%) • Goal of the Jacksonians to increase the tariff to 45% (Would look bad on Adams) • Supported by New England • Webster now in support, • Calhoun against The Southern Carolina Exposition

9. Calhoun and the Tariff continued… • Denounced tariff as unjust and unconstitutional • States should nullify the tariff….similar to…? • Wanted to save the Union by lowering the tariff • No other states supported South Carolina and its protest

10. Election of 1828 • Personified the West • Gov’t=Haven of wealth taken away from the public • Reduce role of the gov’t • Against Henry Clays system…which was? • Unionist and Nationalist • Defied Congress and Supreme Court • Used Veto Power

12. Election of 1828 • J.Q.A. vs. Andrew Jackson • Jackson wins….178-83 (electoral votes) • “Common Man”, from the West • Support came from who? • The Revolution of 1828  No Landslide victory  Voter turnout increases  Power shift to west from east

13. Jacksonian Democracy • White Male Suffrage • Spoils System Rewarding Political Supporters with public office  Martin Van Buren and the “Albany Regency” • Believed in the Rotation of Office • Civil Service is corrupt. • Replace Adams-Clay appointees with loyal Jacksonians

14. Jackson’s Cabinet • Informal group of people of about 13 • “Kitchen Cabinet” • Group never officially met, and did not have too much influence • NOT Unconstitutional

15. Nat Turner's Rebellion • Slave Rebellion 1831 • Nat Turner Rises up in Virginia! Lasts for days! • Finally suppressed…cause widespread Panic. Local Militias kill absurd amounts of slaves in retaliation… • Laws passed against educating slaves…think reformation, abolition, education, etc…

16. Webster-Hayne Debate • Daniel Webster-NE • Robert Hayne-SC • Issue-Protective Tariff

17. Webster-Hayne Debate Continued • NE wants to “curb sale of public land” • People Created the Constitution, not the states • Webster accredited for jumpstarting a new generation of ‘northerners’ • West Disagrees, South Allies with west • NE disloyal during the War of 1812 • Against Tariff of Abominations • Said Calhoun’s Nullification Doctrine only means of protecting States Rights

18. Nullification Crisis • Jefferson Day Dinner begins the political split between Calhoun and Jackson. • States Rights vs. National Rights • “Our Union…It must be preserved!” Jackson • “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!”

19. Nullification Continued… • Tariffs marked a major issue between Calhoun and Jackson. • Calhoun resigns in 1832 Becomes Senator • Calhoun now a fierce sectionalist…  States rights and slavery.

20. Nullification Continued… • Calhoun suggests “concurrent majority plan” 2 presidents (N&S), each have veto power.  Union could be stable only through representation of the majority and minority

21. Nullification Controversy of 1832 • SC and Tariff of Abominations • Jackson attempts to lower the tariff of 1828. 45% to 35% Did not meet southern demands • South Carolina Nullifies and threatens secession • Jackson threatens to hang ‘nullifiers” and sends naval and military to SC

22. Jackson VS. Calhoun  Henry Clay 

23. Controversy Continued… • Henry Clay proposes a compromise… tariff reduced 10% every 8 years (Compromise Tariff)  Force Bill enacted which extends the power of the president • Aftermath  Victory for both sides Stepping stone for civil war  Tariff issue main reason for Calhoun and Jackson split

24. Election of 1832 Henry Clay Andrew Jackson • Advantage: Highly funded Easterners and BUS • Advantage: Most newspapers supported Clay and disliked Jackson • Advantage: Support of the masses • Advantage: Support overwhelms the wealthy vote **Jackson wins 219-49**

25. Jacksonian Democracy • Focus on Economy and State’s Rights • Divorce government from the economy (laissez faire) Anti-monopoly Return to Jeffersonian More power to the states, equal opportunity

26. Jackson and the Bank • Distrust for the Bank • Clay tries to recharter the bank in 1832 to anger Jackson…Wanted to put the recharter through Congress so it mad it to the White House If Jackson signed it, it would alienate western support If he vetoed it, he would alienate the wealthy and the influential of the East • Jackson Vetoes BUS Charter

27. Bank continued… • Criticized Nicholas Biddle (head of BUS) • Jackson says the bank supports the elite (wealthy and stock owners)  Appeals to the common people

28. Bank continued… • BUS strengths before its downfall Organized, reduced bank failures, spurred economic expansion, safe depository for the gov’t

29. Pet Banks • 23 state banks controlled by Jackson Federal funds transferred funs over to them • Biddle wants public to reconsider charter • Specie Circular payment for government land to be in gold and silver (hard money/paper currency vs Gold and silver standard) currency becomes unreliable-leads to inflation

30. Specie Circular Continued • All public land had to be purchased with federal money • Hard money=hard times for the west • Inflation continues

31. General Incorporation Laws • Connecticut, 1837 • Allow corporations to be formed without a charter from the legislature  Examples: Railroads • States make incorporation easier, helping the economy through small and medium sized businesses • Limited liability for business owners-reduced the risk of owning a business

32. Charles River Bridge (CRB) vs. Warren Bridge (WB) • Builders of CRB gain charter through Massachusetts—Boston has high growth making stocks skyrocket • WB also gains charter enabling it to build 300 yards away from CRB • CRB takes WB to court saying the state’s charter cannot interfere with contracts • Supreme Court allows WB to build bridge SIGNIFICANCE: Economic development between companies encouraged (transportation for example) Began to end monopoles in public facilities

33. Maysville Road Veto • Example of Jackson using his power to veto • The bill would call for federal funding for intrastate improvements (road linking Lexington to the Ohio River) • Jackson vetoes on the ground that federal funding for intrastate projects was unconstitutional  Also says this would have disrupted the ability to pay off the national debt

34. Indian Removal Act 1830 • Jackson proposes removing of Native Americans (Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Chickasaw and Seminoles)  Mississippi to Oklahoma • Bureau of Indian Affairs Helps with Native American relations Was around until 1954, where it merged with the the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, (known today as the Department of Health and Human Services)  Known now as the Indian Health Service (IHS)

35. Indian Removal

36. Indian Removal Continued… • Black Hawk War (1832) Black Hawk leads Indian Resistance Crushed by US Troops Are a west of Lake Michigan open for settlement • Second Seminole War Indian resistance in Florida  Bloodiest Indian conflict in US history 3,000 moved to Oklahoma

37. Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831) • Georgia creates a law that nullifies Cherokee law. • Cherokee challenge Georgia and take them to the Supreme Court • Supreme Court rules in favor of Georgia, stating the Cherokee have no jurisdiction over their land)

38. Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) • Sam Worcester missionary living with Cherokee  Georgia forces him to have allegiance with GA or leave Cherokee land Refuses and is arrested • Marshall rules Cherokee nation is a self-sufficient nation that must be recognized • Georgia has no jurisdiction in Cherokee land

39. Worcester vs. Georgia continued… • Cherokee can invite whomever they wished to their land • Jackson says “John Marshall has made his decision…now let him enforce it!” • Case helped prevent political conflict between the executive and judicial, while still delivering what appeared to be a pro-Indian decision.

41. Trail of Tears • 18,000 Cherokees forcibly removed 1,000 miles to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) 4,000 die from malnutrition, cholera, etc. Soldiers force the march • 25% of Choctaw die en route • 3,500-15,000 Creeks die during removal in 1836

42. Birth of Texas • By 1821, Stephen Austin tries to migrate 300 families to Texas Tries to Mexicanize them ( requirements were to convert them to Catholicism and allow now slavery) Requirements are ignored by most migrants • Mexico Prohibits importation into Texas and prohibits further settlements by Americans Americans refuse and still import slaves and new settlers

43. Texas continued… • Santa Anna (Mexican Dictator) raises army to exert control in Texas. Outlaws all local rights in Texas • Texas declares independence in 1836 • Santa Anna’s Army invades Goliad, ALAMO America Unites

44. Defeat at San Jacinto • Sam Houston and American army victorious at San Jacinto • Santa Anna agrees to withdraw troops and recognize Rio Grande as the new border Does not honor agreements • America still aids Texas in its fight for independence Public opinion nullifies neutrality agreement

45. Jackson’s Dilemma • Should he recognize Texas? Would re-open slavery issue among states rights • Recognizes Texas on the last day of office • North disagrees (anti-slavery petitions) • South welcomes Texas • Texas left to fend for themselves and feared reprisals from Santa Anna. Also courted the British and French for aid Sam Houston become first president for the Independent Republic of Texas

46. Election of 1836 • Whigs vs. Jacksonian Democrats William Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van Buren Van Buren wins 170-73 • Whigs beliefs? Many of these beliefs foundation for modern day Republican party.

47. Jackson’s Legacy Positives Negatives • Strong Executive leadership • Common People • Democratic party • Spoil System • Death of the BUS • Specie Circular • Trail of Tears • Increased Sectionalism

48. Van Buren’s Presidency • Continued Spoils system • Presided over the Panic of 1837 (Jackson’s policies were a major cause) • Formalizes the Pet Banks (Independent Treasury System • Caroline Incident-Rebellion in Canada threatens war with Britain **He is ineffective as president**

49. Panic of 1837 • Over-speculation yet again Remember Panic of 1819? • Bank War and Specie Circular hurts economy • Flour Riot • 2 Major British banks fail, call in foreign loans

50. Results of the Panic of 1837 • Banks Collapse (including Pet Banks) • Commodity prices and public land sale decreases • Factories close leading to soaring unemployment • Whigs sought expanding bank credit, higher tariffs, and internal improvement funds • Treasury Bill of 1840-Independent Treasury system