Absolutism

1. Absolutism

2. The Hapsburg Empire • 1519, Charles V ruled two empires – Spain and Hapsburg • Years of war – religious and against the Ottomans • Stressful – Monastery in 1556 • Hapsburg to Ferdinand (brother), other to son Philip (29)

3. Philip II and Divine Right • Rule for 42 years • Focused on government • Absolute Monarchy – ruler with complete authority over government • Divine Right – Authority to rule came directly from God • Spent lots of time defending Catholicism

4. The Wars • The Netherlands • Protestant Rebels • Fought against oppression and high taxes • Broke off to make Dutch Netherlands • England • Queen Elizabeth encouraged Sea Dogs to rob Spanish ships • Sent Spanish Armada (fleet) to fight • Lost but remained world power

5. Spain’s Golden Age • Painter – El Greco • Means “The Greek” • Studied Renaissance Art • Pictures of royalty in bright colors • Religious pictures for king

6. Economic Decline • Lack of strong leaders after Philip brought country down • Expensive wars around the world • Lost power, France took its place

7. France Under Louis XIV • Absolute Monarchy • Huguenot – French Protestants

8. Rebuilding France • Henry IV • Huguenot Prince became Catholic to rule • Edict of Nantes (1598) – Religious Tolerance • Built up royal bureaucracy

9. Richelieu • Cardinal who was 9 year old Louis XIII’s advisor • Outlawed Huguenots, destroyed nobility • Picked successor to keep building royal power

10. Louis XIV, the Sun King • “I am the State” • Became king at 5 • Sun became symbol of absolute power – Sun King • Deeply involved in government • Intendents – Royal officials who collected taxes • Intendents became loyal middle class • Strong French army to enforce policies

11. Colbert and the Economy • Finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert • Set up policies to get money for France • King spent much of it on his court or wars

12. http://en.chateauversailles.fr/the-palace-

13. Court Ceremonies • Days spent with small, elaborate ceremonies • Honor to buckle shoes or hold wash basin • Levee – Rising • Having nobles at court means they were not fighting each other or him

14. Cultural Flowering • Sponsored many artists • Introduction of ballet at Louis’ court • Funded art schools

15. Wars of Louis XIV • For 72 years, fought almost constantly • Balance of Power – distribution of military and economic power to prevent one country from total rule • Countries tried to keep France in check • Tried to unite France and Spain but France wouldn’t allow it

16. Persecution of the Huguenots • 1685 Revoked the Edict of Nantes • Huguenots were work force, persecution hurt economy • 100,000 fled France

17. The Tudors and Parliament • 1485 to 1603 – Tudor Dynasty • Recognized value of relationship with Parliament • Parliament got used to being asked for important decisions

18. Early Stuarts: Royal Challenge • Ruling family from Scotland • King James I clashed with Parliament • Dissenters – Protestants who differed with the Church of England • New Group – Puritans wanted to “purify” the church

19. Parliament Responds • 1625 Charles I takes the throne • Wanted to raise taxes but Parliament required Petition of Rights • Signed then dissolved Parliament, ignored for 11 years • Needed them, they revolted

20. The Long Parliament • Revolted against the King • Tried and executed ministers • King Charles lead army to attack, they raised own army

21. English Civil War • Civil War from 1642 to 1649 • Cavaliers – Wealthy, noble supporters of Charles I • Roundheads – Lead by skilled general Oliver Cromwell • Took the King in 1647

22. Execution of a King • Set up court for King • Tried for “tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy” • Beheaded on his own signal

23. Challenges of Commonwealth • Set up new republic – Commonwealth • Supporters of Charles II (uncrowned King), attacked • Levellers – all men and women should have rights in parliament • Cromwell took title as Lord Protector

24. Puritan Society • Imposed a “rule of Saints” • Law required Sunday to be religious • Every person should be able to read the Bible • Religious tolerance to all but Catholics • End to Commonwealth • Cromwell died in 1658, Puritans lost grip on England • Charles II came back from exile to rule

25. New clash with Parliament • King James II took throne in 1685 • Flaunted his Catholic Religion • Parliament invited Mary and William to rule • Bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution

26. English Bill of Rights • Had to pass English Bill of Rights first • Superiority of Parliament over monarch • Habeas Corpus – Can’t be held in prison without being charged • Limited Monarchy – Legislative body limits monarch’s power • Radical idea at the time

27. The Thirty Years’ War • Electors – Seven leading German princes of Empire • Religious and Political War • Protestant North vs. Catholic South • Revolt against King Ferdinand • Kings changed alliances to suit interests • Fighting all over continent

28. Brutal Conflict • Mercenaries wandered Europe and killed • Murder, torture, famine, disease • Depopulation – reduction of population • Wolves roamed the streets • 1/3 German population died

29. Peace • 1648 – Peace of Westphalia • France won war, Hapsburg lost everything • Small countries got recognition (Switzerland) • Germany broke up in to 360 small states

30. Hapsburg Unity and Diversity • Hapsburgs kept title of Holy Roman Emperor • Wanted to add land • Grew but never centralized

31. Maria Theresa • Daughter of Charles VI • Charles had princes swear to recognize her rule • Brilliant ruler • Son, Joseph II inherited crown

32. Rise of Prussia – Fredrick II • Son of Fredrick William – strong leader • Taught art of war, but preferred arts • Tried to run away, friend who helped was beheaded

33. Military Success • Harsh training created harsh ruler • Became known as Fredrick the Great

34. Keeping the Balance of Power • Austria, Prussia, France, England, Russia • Many alliances changed often • Many other wars around the world

35. Peter the Great • Became King at 10 • Fascinated by the West • Pushed Russia to a world power

36. Journey to the West • Went to Europe to learn everything • Pushed Russians to become Westernized • Westernization – adoption of Western ideas

37. Autocrat and Reformer • Brought all Russian institutions under his control – even church • Boyars – landowning nobles • Serfdom spread, tying peasants to land • Imported Western technology and education • Forced nobles to dress like Westerners and shave • Killed any who disobeyed

38. Expansion Under Peter • Search for Warm-Water Port • Most ports were on Arctic Ocean • Wanted place where water would be free of ice • Tried to force through Ottoman Empire - lost • War with Sweden • 1700 – Fought with Sweden, lost early • 1709 – Defeated Swedes and won land on Baltic

39. Expansion Under Peter • Peter’s City • New land – built St. Petersburg • “Window on the West” • Swamp land turned in to large modern city • Toward the Pacific • Signed treaties with China for north lands • Vitus Bering found Bering Straight

40. Legacy of Peter the Great • Expanded territory, gains ports, huge army • Ended isolation • Used terror to rule

41. Catherine the Great • Efficient Ruler • No heir from Peter, Romanov’s fought for power • Got power by mentally unstable husband being killed • Smart, efficient, reorganized government • Encouraged Western ideas

42. Catherine the Great • A Ruthless Absolute Monarch • Cruel and repressive to peasants • Many peasants forced in to serfdom • Expanded land to get warm water port • Partition of Poland • Poland wasn’t centralized • Three rulers decided not to fight – partitioned • Partition – Divide up • Divided 3 times, disappeared completely until 1919

43. Looking Ahead • 4 of 5 world powers were absolute monarchs • England had parliament • Radical changes would cause revolutions