Do Now – 5 min

1. Do Now – 5min • The three main branches of the government are… • Which of the following inventions most impacted Europe by allowing new ideas to spread more quickly and educate the masses as never before? a. The cotton gin c. The astrolabe b. The printing press d. The telescope • The completion of the transcontinental railroad would not have been possible without the help of thousands of a. African American slaves c. Native Americans b. Irish & Chinese immigrants d. Businesses men • In which of the following areas would one expect to find the greatest population? a. Middle of the Sahara c. Along the Nile b. The tundra d. Himalayas • Which of the following is considered a civic responsibility? a. Going to church c. Voting in elections b. Waking up on time d. Studying hard in school

2. Exit Quiz Review – 5 min 1.) According to mercantilism, which of the following is most important to the economy? The individual The nation Both the individual and the nation Neither the individual nor the nation 2.) According to mercantilism, an economy is strong when: There are more imports than exports There are more exports than imports 3.) Name one rule put in place by the Navigation Acts. 4.) In the 18th century, who did Transatlantic Trade benefit more? The English or the American colonists? 5.) What was the most common industry that the American colonists worked in?

3. Middle Passage & Africa SSUSH2b

4. Learning Goal, Objective & Essential Question • SWBAT trace the ways that the economy and society of British North America developed • Objective: Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African population, and African-American culture • Essential Question: for what reason did merchants utilize the Middle Passage?

5. MIGRATION FROM ENGLAND • During the 1600s, 90% of migrants came from England • Half were indentured servants – poor immigrants who paid for passage by agreeing to work 4 to 7 years • Weren’t paid; • received basic food, clothing and shelter • After 4-7 yrs, receive clothes, tools, food, land

6. RESEARCH– 25min • Your job is to research the answers and complete the worksheet • Answers can be found on pages 68-71 • We will then go over the answers as a class

7. Africans transported • Why? Landowning colonists needed workers to raise crops, and English immigration began to decline • In the beginning: slaves treated like indentured servants • Mid-1600s: colonies pass laws that supported the permanent enslavement of Africans • Change in legal status promoted the idea that people of African origin were inferior to whites

8. Transatlantic slave trade 1. Slave traders sailed from Europe to Africa with manufactured goods 2. Shippers carried enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas 3. Traders returned to home countries with colonial produce

9. Transatlantic slave trade

10. The Middle Passage • What mood is the author trying to convey? • How do you know? • What conditions would you expect aboard a slave ship?

11. The Middle Passage • Brutality was extreme • Voyages lasted 2+ months • Psychological trauma of separation from their families and villages • Traders branded “cargo” with hot irons • Shackles • Crowded • Foul air = disease; ill thrown overboard to prevent the spread of disease • Some Africans, hoping for death, refused to eat

12. Africans in the Americas • Slave Auctions • Why did colonial buyers often break up families? • Made it more difficult to plot escape or rebellion • Languages & cultures • Worked next to strangers who only shared a skin color • Many distinct languages and identities – ordered around in an unfamiliar language • Slavery in the North & South • North: far fewer; labored as farmhands, dockworkers, sailors and house servants • South: raised labor-intensive crops – tobacco, rice, sugar • Maximize profits = demanded as much work as possible while minimizing costs (feeding, clothes, housing) • 6 days/week, 12 hours/day

13. Developing a New Culture • African Americans developed a rich culture based on African traditions and their circumstances in America • Adopted Christian faith from their masters, blending with African religious traditions • Modified African instruments to create music that emphasized rhythm and percussion

14. FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS • Most slaves remained so for life • A few did obtain their freedom • Manage to earn enough money to purchase freedom • Set free by a slave owner • Freed slaves tended to live in cities where they faced discrimination • Some overcame enormous obstacles • Turn to Page 71 in your text book • Group read about Phillis Wheatley • What obstacles did she have to overcome in order to publish her poetry?

15. Journal - Primary Source • “Upon the Negroes refusing to take sustenance [food], I have seen coals of fire, glowing hot, put on a shovel and placed so near their lips as to scorch and burn them. And this has been accompanied with threats of forcing them to swallow the coals if they any longer persisted in refusing to eat.” -Alexander Falconbridge, 1788 • Write a Journal entry based on the above quote, considering the following: • Why was delivering healthy slaves to the Americas important to the traders? • What sort of message were the traders trying to set by acting so cruelly to the captured slaves?

16. Exit Ticket – 10 min • Instead of being paid for their labor, what did indentured servants receive as compensation? • What change in law promoted racist thoughts about slaves? • Give one example of a job that would be performed by a slave in the North and one from the South. • Along the triangular trade route, traders dropped off African slaves in exchange for what type of goods that they would then take back to Europe?

17. Why were some slaves thrown overboard along their journey to the Americas? • The culture developed by slaves was based on two topics. Name one. • What were the two ways slaves could receive their freedom?