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The Impact of Climate Change on Nomadic Invasions and Territorial State Formation (2000-1200 BCE)

Around 2000 BCE, significant climate change triggered a crisis that devastated riverine civilizations such as the Indus Valley, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. This disaster led to widespread drought, food shortages, and societal disintegration, paving the way for nomadic invasions. Nomads, armed with advanced technologies like the horse-drawn chariot and iron tools, emerged as powerful rulers of newly formed territorial states. These states were characterized by militarism and defined borders and reflected a shift in governance and culture from agricultural systems to more warlike dominions.

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The Impact of Climate Change on Nomadic Invasions and Territorial State Formation (2000-1200 BCE)

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  1. Nomads & Crisis, 2000-1200 BCE • Climate Change Crisis, 2000 BCE • Nomad Invasions • Formation of Territorial States IDs: Vedic Age, 1500-500BCE, Shang Dynasty, territorial state, oracle bones, Hammurabi, Hammurabi, r. 1792-1750 BCE

  2. Argument Climate change around 2000 BCE caused crisis which caused the breakdown of riverine civilizations and triggered nomadic invasions. After the crisis, nomads emerged as the rulers of territorial states, which were more militaristic than the cultures they succeeded.

  3. 3500-2000 BCE: 3 Types of Cultures Village Agriculture Pastoral Nomads Riverine Cultures/ Civilizations

  4. I. 2000 BCE: Climate change  disaster • Drought • Food shortage • Drier climate

  5. A. Indus River Culture destroyed

  6. B. Disintegration of order in Egypt & Mesopotamia

  7. C. Migration for next 1000 years

  8. II. Nomads invade riverine cultures, 2000-1600 BCE A. Nomad Technologies Horse Chariot Iron (1000 BCE)

  9. B. South Asia: Vedic Nomads Invade, ca. 1500 BCE • Indo-Europeans • Aryans Vedic Age, 1500-500 BCE

  10. 1. Vedic People • Horses • Chariots • Iron tools & weapons • Pastoral  agricultural economy

  11. 2. Conquest  North/South Division of South Asia Aryan Dravidian

  12. II. Formation of Territorial States (1600) A. Characteristics • Ruled by charioteer (nomad) elites • More warlike • Expansive • Definite borders

  13. B. A State has: Large territory Definite borders Dynastic kingship Army (charioteer elites) Government bureaucracy

  14. Shang State (Dynasty): ca. 1600-1045 BCE

  15. Ruling dynasty • Army with horses & chariots • Tombs • Palaces

  16. Royal Projects • Bronze Metallurgy

  17. Religious Authority • Shang state was a patrimonial theocracy. • Divination • Oracle bones • Control of diviners & scribes • Ancestor worship • Di (High God, founding ancestor of Shang family)

  18. D. Building the State Problems: • Control of Conquered People

  19. 2. Control of Army & Regions • Hittites • Anatolia • Hattusilis I • Babylon

  20. E. State Projects • Centralized rule in king’s hands 2. Collect taxes or tribute Hammurabi, r. 1792-1750 BCE

  21. Exaction of Tribute • Service from elites (bureaucracy or army • Agricultural produce & labor from commoners

  22. Argument Climate change around 2000 BCE caused crisis which caused the breakdown of riverine civilizations and triggered nomadic invasions. After the crisis, nomads emerged as the rulers of territorial states, which were more militaristic than the cultures they succeeded.

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