Introduction to IT-I

1. Introduction to IT-I IshikUniversity Faculty of Science Information Technology Department By Payam Wali

2. outline • Introduction . • Computer types. • Data vs Information • Introduction to the Personal Computer • Operating System(OS) • Kernel • Shell • Cases and Power Supplies: • Cases • Power supplies and Power supply wattage • Internal PC Components: • Motherboards • Review By Payam Wali.

3. Objective • Learning about what is computer in general, it’s different types , and what is computer system components . • understand the difference between hardware and software components. • Getting knowledge about personal computers such as cases , power supply and power supplies wattage. • learning the four basic units of electricity that a computer technician must know , and their equations. • Getting knowledge about motherboard , its component and connections By Payam Wali.

4.  Introduction. • What is A computer ? It’s an electronic machine that performs mathematical, logical and graphical operations by making calculations based on a set of instructions. • The first computers were huge, room-sized machines that took teams of people to build, manage, and maintain. • Computer systems of today are exponentially faster and only a fraction of the size of those original computers. By Payam Wali.

5. What Does A Computer Do? • Computers can perform four general operations, which comprise the information processing cycle. • Input • Process • Output • Storage By Payam Wali.

6. Data and Information • All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase. • Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful. • During the output Phase, the information that has been created is put into some form, such as a printed report. • The information can also be put in computer storage for future use. By Payam Wali.

7. Computer types Computers can be generally classified by size and power as follows, though there is considerable overlap: • Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. Supercomputers are optimized to execute a few number of programs. This makes it possible for them to execute these few programs at a very high speed. • Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. Thus, they are mostly used by governments and large organizations • Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to hundreds of users simultaneously. By Payam Wali.

8. Computer types • Microcomputers or Personal computers : A small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. • Workstation: A powerful, single-user computer. They are used primarily by a single person for computationally difficult work, such as engineering or video editing.A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and, in general, a higher-quality monitor. By Payam Wali.

9. Introduction to Personal Computer Main Types of Personal Computer : • Desktop • Notebook • Laptop • Palmtop By Payam Wali.

10. Introduction to Personal Computer • Computer system consists of hardware and software components. • Hardware is the physical equipment. It includes the case, keyboard, monitor, cables, storage drives, speakers, and printers. • Software includes the operating systemand programs . By Payam Wali.

11. Introduction to Personal Computer • Operating system manages computer operations such as identifying, accessing, and processing information. • Programs or applications perform different functions depending on the type of information that is accessed or generated. For example, instructions for balancing a check book are different from instructions for simulating a virtual reality world on the Internet. By Payam Wali.

12. Operating System(OS) • An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs. • Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, Mac OS, etc. • An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. By Payam Wali.

13. Types of operating systems 1. Microsoft Windows: Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world. By Payam Wali.

14. Microsoft Windows By Payam Wali.

15. Types of operating systems • 2. Mac OS X: Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as OS X(pronounced O-S Ten), and the specific versions include El Capitan (released in 2015),Yosemite (2014), Mavericks (2013), Mountain Lion (2012), and Lion (2011). • According to StatCounter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for less than 10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X over Windows. By Payam Wali.

16. Mac OS X By Payam Wali.

17. Types of operating systems 3. Linux: Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or versions—you can choose from. • According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize. By Payam Wali.

18. Linux By Payam Wali.

19. Operating System (OS) • Following are some of important functions of an operating System: • Memory Management • Processor Management • Device Management • File Management • Security • Control over system performance • Job accounting • Error detecting aids • Coordination between other software and users By Payam Wali.

20. Kernel • kernel is a central component of an operating system. • It acts as an interface between the user applications and the hardware. • The sole aim of the kernel is to manage the communication between the software (user level applications) and the hardware (CPU, disk memory etc). • The main tasks of the kernel are : • Process management • Device management • Memory management • Interrupt handling • I/O communication • File system...etc.. By Payam Wali.

21. Shell • A shell is simply a software the gives a user interface to different operating system functions and services. • Your interface to operating system is called shell . • Shells provide a way for you to communicate with the operating system. This communication is carried out either interactively (input from the keyboard is acted upon immediately) or  as a shell script. • A shell script is a sequence of shell and operating system command that is stored in a file. By Payam Wali.

22. Shell • How does shell work ? • ((When a user gives his command for performing any operation, then the request will goes to the shell parts, The shell parts is also called as the interpreter which translate the human program into the machine language and then the request will be transferred to the kernel. So that Shell is just called as the interpreter of the Commands which Converts the Request of the User into the Machine Language)).   By Payam Wali.

23. Cases • The case of a desktop computer includes the internal components such as the power supply, motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), memory, disk drives, and assorted adapter cards. • Cases are typically made of plastic, steel, or aluminum and provide the framework to support, protect, and cool the internal components. •  Computer cases are also referred to as the computer chassis, cabinet, tower, housing, or simply box. • A device form factor refers to its physical design and look. By Payam Wali.

24. Form of Desktop Cases Desktop computers are available in a variety of form factors including: • Horizontal case – These were popular with early computer systems. The computer case was horizontally oriented on the user desk with the monitor positioned on top. This type of cases is no longer popular . By Payam Wali.

25. Forms of Desktop Cases • Full-Size Tower – It is a computer case which is oriented vertically. It is typically located on the floor under, or beside, a desk or table. • It provides room for expansion to be able to add additional components such as disk drives, adapter cards, and more. It requires an external keyboard, mouse, and monitor. By Payam Wali.

26. Forms of Desktop Cases • Compact Tower – This is a smaller version of the full-size tower and is commonly found in the corporate environment. • It may also be called a mini-tower or small form factor (SFF) model. It can be located on the user desk or on the floor. • It provides limited room for expansion. It requires an external keyboard, mouse, and monitor. By Payam Wali.

27. Forms of Desktop Cases • All-in-one - All of the computer system components are integrated into the display. • They often include touch-screen input and built-in microphone and speakers. • Depending on the model, all-in-one computers offer little to no expansion capabilities. It requires an external keyboard, mouse, and power supply. By Payam Wali.

28. Computer components tend to generate a lot of heat; therefore, computer cases contain fans that move air through the case. • As the air passes warm components, it absorbs heat and then exits the case. • This process keeps the computer components from overheating. Cases are also designed to protect against static electricity damage. • The computer’s internal components are grounded via attachment to the case. By Payam Wali.

29. Power Supplies • Electricity from wall outlets is provided in alternating current (AC). However, all components inside a computer require direct current (DC) power. • To obtain DC power, computers use a power supply, as shown in the Figure , to convert AC power into a lower voltage DC power. By Payam Wali.

30. Power Supplies • A power supply includes several different connectors, as shown in Figure below. • These connectors are used to power various internal components such as the motherboard and disk drives. • The connectors are “keyed” which means that they are designed to be inserted in only one orientation. •  The table in Figure 3 describes common power supply connectors. By Payam Wali.

31. By Payam Wali.

32. Motherboard The motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board which acts as the main platform for communication between all other components of a system. All the other computer parts are either directly installed or connected to various motherboard components and all the data is transferred between them through the motherboard. • Central Processing Unit (CPU) - This is considered the brain of the computer. • Random Access Memory (RAM) - This is a temporary location to store data and applications. • Expansion slots - These provide locations to connect additional components. • Chipset - This consists of the integrated circuits on the motherboard that control how system hardware interacts with the CPU and motherboard. • It also establishes how much memory can be added to a motherboard and the type of connectors on the motherboard. By Payam Wali.

33. Motherboard • Basic input/output system (BIOS) chip and Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) chip - BIOS is used to help boot the computer and manage the flow of data between the hard drive, video card, keyboard, mouse, and more. • Recently the BIOS has been enhanced by UEFI. UEFI specifies a different software interface for boot and runtime services but still relies on the traditional BIOS for system configuration, power-on self test (POST), and setup. By Payam Wali.

34. These are some connections on the motherboard where computer components can be added, as shown in the figure below: By Payam Wali.

35. Motherboard • Most chipsets consist of the following two types: • Northbridge – Controls high speed access to the RAM and video card. It also controls the speed at which the CPU communicates with all of the other components in the computer. Video capability is sometimes integrated into the Northbridge. • Southbridge – Allows the CPU to communicate with slower speed devices including hard drives, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, and expansion slots. • The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. It also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices on the motherboard. By Payam Wali.

36. Motherboard Component Connection By Payam Wali.

37. here have been many variations of motherboards developed over the years. There are three common motherboard form factors: • Advanced Technology eXtended (ATX) - This is the most common motherboard form factor. • The ATX case accommodates the integrated I/O ports on the standard ATX motherboard. • The ATX power supply connects to the motherboard via a single 20-pin connector. • Micro-ATX – This is a smaller form factor that is designed to be backward-compatible with ATX. • Micro-ATX boards often use the same Northbridge and Southbridge chipsets and power connectors as full-size ATX boards and therefore can use many of the same components. • Generally, Micro-ATX boards can fit in standard ATX cases. • However, Micro-ATX motherboards are much smaller than ATX motherboards and have fewer expansion slots. By Payam Wali.

38. ITX - The ITX form factor has gained in popularity because of its very small size. • There are many types of ITX motherboards; however, Mini-ITX is one of the most popular. • The Mini-ITX form factor uses very little power, so fans are not needed to keep it cool. • A Mini-ITX motherboard has only one PCI slot for expansion cards. A computer based on a Mini-ITX form factor can be used in places where it is inconvenient to have a large or noisy computer. By Payam Wali.

39. It is important to distinguish between form factors. • The choice of motherboard form factor determines how individual components attach to it, the type of power supply required, and the shape of the computer case. • Some manufacturers also have proprietary form factors based on the ATX design. This causes some motherboards, power supplies, and other components to be incompatible with standard ATX cases. By Payam Wali.

40. Review • Computer is electronic device that implement mathematical, logical and graphical operations by making calculations based on a set of instructions. • Computers are classified according to their size and power. There are 5 types of it with different characteristics. • It is important to distinguish between computer types. • Computer System component divided into hardware and software, hardware is the physical part while software operating systemand programs. • Operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware, and it has some important functions such as : memory management, processor management ,device management, etc. By Payam Wali.

41. Review • kernel is the heart of an operating system, where it acts as an interface between user applications and hardware. • A shell is a software that gives a the user interface to the different operating system functions and services, as it provides a way of communication with the operating system. • Cases: The case of a desktop computer includes the internal components such as the power supply, motherboard, etc. Case form factor refers to its physical design and look. It is important to distinguish between cases types • Power Supplies are Electricity from wall outlets is provided in alternating current (AC). By Payam Wali.

42. Review • There are some basic hardware component on the motherboard such as: CPU, RAM ,Expansion slots ,Chipset, (BIOS) chip, and (UEFI) chip. • It is important to distinguish between the basic hardware component on the motherboard. • Most chipsets consist of the following two types: • Northbridge that Controls high speed access to the RAM and video card. It also controls the speed at which the CPU communicates with all other parts in the computer. • Southbridge – Allows the CPU to communicate with slower speed devices including hard drives, Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, and expansion slots. By Payam Wali.

43. Review • The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. There are three common motherboard form factors: ATX, Micro-ATX,andITX . • It is important to distinguish between form factors of the mother board. • Some manufacturers also have exclusive form factors based on the ATX design. This causes some motherboards, power supplies, and other components to be incompatible with standard ATX cases. • Motherboard also describes the physical layout of the different components and devices on the motherboard. By Payam Wali.

44. Thank You By Payam Wali.