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ECG

ECG. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography. The conduction system is the mechanism by which the heart contracts. Contraction is controlled by specialized cells within the heart that generate and distribute electrical impulses. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography Path of Impulse. SA Node ↓

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ECG

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  1. ECG

  2. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography The conduction system is the mechanism by which the heart contracts. Contraction is controlled by specialized cells within the heart that generate and distribute electrical impulses

  3. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography Path of Impulse SA Node ↓ AV Node ↓ AV Bundle (Bundle of His) ↓ Right and Left Bundle Branches ↓ Purkinje Fibers www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/hertworks/heratpics.htm

  4. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyPath of Impulse The pulse begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node. The cells within the SA node spontaneously depolarize to trigger contraction. The contraction begins in the upper atria and spreads toward the atrioventricular (AV) valves. This helps move blood from the atria to the ventricles.

  5. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography Path of Impulse The pulse travels to the AV node which is located within the interatrial septum. It than proceeds to the AV bundle (Bundle of His). The bundle of His then divides into the left and right bundle branches. Each branch travels down the septum. At the apex, the branches called purkinje fibers transverse the ventricles back toward the base of the heart.

  6. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography • Depolarization causes contraction of heart • Repolarization causes relaxation of heart • Contraction state of heart is systole • Relaxation state of heart is diastole

  7. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyPurpose of ECG • Identify cardiac rate • Identify any abnormalities in rhythm • Identify presence of abnormal transmission impulses through conduction system of heart

  8. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyIndications for ECG • Chest pain • Rhythm disturbances • Routine physical • Pre-Op evaluation

  9. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing The basic ECG tracing consists of: • P wave • Q wave • R wave • S wave • T wave

  10. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing P wave: (normal <.2 sec or 5 boxes) • First deflection from baseline • Is a positive deflection (upward) • Corresponds to atrial depolarization Q wave: • Small negative (downward) deflection preceding the R wave

  11. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing R wave: • Large positive deflection preceding the S wave S wave: • Small negative deflection

  12. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing QRS Complex: • All 3 Q, R, and S waves together(normally < 3 boxes) • Corresponds with ventricular depolarization, resulting in ventricle contraction • If Q wave is absent, then QRS complex is measured from the beginning of the first positive deflection after the PR interval

  13. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing T wave: • Follows QRS complex • Positive deflection • Corresponds to ventricular repolarization and relaxation

  14. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing ST Segment • Interval time from end of ventricular depolarization to beginning of ventricular repolarization • Should normally be at baseline • Heart’s resting period between ventricular depolarization and repolarization

  15. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing PR Interval • Measured from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS Complex (normal <.2 sec or 5 boxes) • Is the time between atrial depolarization and beginning of ventricular depolarization • The impulse travels from the SA node to the ventricle

  16. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing QT Interval • Period between onset of QRS complex and end of T wave • It represents the entire time of ventricular depolarization and repolarization

  17. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyStandard 12-Lead ECG • Consists of 6 chest leads and 6 limb leads • Only ten electrodes are utilized to obtain a 12-Lead ECG

  18. Limb Leads Right arm Right leg Left arm Left Leg Chest Leads V1: just to the right of the sternum V2: just to the left of the sternum V3: placed next to & below V2 V4: placed next to & below V3 V5: laterally and over to the left side of the heart V6: laterally next to V5 Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyLead Placement

  19. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing-Limb Leads • Lead I: Right arm and Left arm • Lead II: Right arm and Left leg • Lead III: Left arm and Left leg • AVR: midway between left arm and left leg to right arm • AVL: midway between right arm and left leg to left arm • AVF: midpoint between right and left arms to left leg

  20. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyBasic ECG Tracing • Right leg lead is the ground lead • V1, V2 and AVR are the right heart leads • V3 and V4 are the septal leads (transition between right and left sides of heart) • V5, V6, I and AVL are the lateral leads (left side of the heart) • II, III, and AVF are the inferior heart leads

  21. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyLead Placement • Lead placement of the six chest leads

  22. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyHeart Rates & Rhythm • Sinus rhythm: 60-100 bpm and rhythm originates in SA node (Normal rhythm is when there is equal distance between the R-R intervals) • Sinus tachycardia: SA node paces the heart faster than 100 bpm • Sinus bradycardia: SA node paces the heart slower than 60 bpm • Flutter: 250-350 bpm • Fibrillation: >350 bpm

  23. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyRate Determination • On ECG paper, count the number of R waves in any 6 sec. interval. Multiply that number by 10 to calculate HR • 300, 150, 100, 75, 60, 50 method

  24. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyCauses of Arrhythmias • Fast or slow HR • Skipped beats • Heart disease • Smoking • Caffeine • Alcohol • Medications • Stress

  25. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyAtrial Flutter • Saw-tooth appearance

  26. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyAtrial Fibrillation • Caused by continuous, uncontrolled firing of multiple foci in atria, resulting in an ineffective quivering of the cardiac muscle • Characterized by irregular ventricular rhythm and absence of P wave • Difficult to get adequate pacing trigger for gated studies

  27. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyPVCs • Premature ventricular contractions • Originate from an ectopic focus in the ventricle • It produces a wide QRS complex • Can be unifocal or multifocal (couplet, triplet or a run) and can occur as bigeminy or trigeminy

  28. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyVentricular Bigeminy • A repeating pattern followed by a normal beat

  29. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyVentricular Trigeminy • A pattern of PVCs followed by two normal beats

  30. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyVentricular Tachycardia • The appearance of 3 or more rapid consecutive PVCs. • If not controlled, can lead to V-flutter or V-fib

  31. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyVentricular Flutter • ECG tracing becomes wavy and irregular with no discernible QRS complex or P wave

  32. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyHeart Block • An electrical conduction disorder from the SA, AV nodes or Purkinje fibers • Heart blocks are classified by the extent of the conduction abnormality

  33. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyHeart Block First-Degree • Electrical impulse is conducted more slowly than normal Second-Degree • The electrical impulse may or may not be conducted Third-Degree • The electrical impulse is totally blocked

  34. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyHeart Blocks • Sinus block • Atrioventricular block • Bundle branch block (BBB)

  35. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyHeart Block-AV Block • The AV block delays the stimulation of the ventricles

  36. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyHeart Block-AV Blocks First-Degree • PR interval is prolonged beyond 0.2 second because of a delay in conduction through the AV node Second-Degree • PR interval becomes gradually longer and QRS complex fails to occur Third-Degree • None of the atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles and the ventricles pace independently

  37. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyHeart Block-Bundle Branch Blocks • BBB are the most common block. It originates in the left or right bundle branches. BBBs are caused by a block of depolarization in the right or left bundle branches. The peak of the QRS complex is notched.

  38. Bundle Branch Blocks • Right bundle branch blocks appear in leads V1 and V2 • Left bundle branch blocks appear in leads V5 and V6

  39. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyIschemia/Infarction • ST segment depression may be seen in subendocardial infarction, in patients on Digitalis and in transient exercise-induced ischemia. • T wave inversion represents ischemia. Its appearance may be anything from moderately flattened to significantly inverted.

  40. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography • ST Depression • T wave inversion

  41. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyIschemia/Infarction • ST segment elevation represents acute ischemia resulting in injury. Degree of elevation denotes severity of ischemic injury. • Presence of Q wave denotes myocardial infarction. Q wave is not usually visualized. The anatomical location of the infarction is determined by the presence of a Q wave on a given lead.

  42. Fundamentals of Electrocardiography • ST segment elevation • Presence of Q wave

  43. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyAbnormalities on ECG Determines Infarct Location • Anteroseptal V2 & V3 • Anterior V3 & V4, not on V5 or V6 • Anterolateral V4 & V5 • Lateral I, AVL, V5 & V6 • Inferior II, III, AVF

  44. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyArtificial Pacemakers • An electric device used to stimulate the heart to beat when the electrical conduction system is unable to function properly. Can be used for atrial, ventricular or dual-chamber pacing. It causes a narrow line (the pacemaker spike) in the ECG tracing.

  45. Fundamentals of ElectrocardiographyArtificial Pacemakers

  46. References • Crawford, MS, CNMT, Elpida S., and Syed Sajid Husain, MD, MAS. Nuclear Cardiac Imaging, Terminology and Technical Aspects. Reston: Society of Nuclear Medicine, 2003. • Taylor, MD, Andrew, David Schuster, MD, and Naomi Alazraki, MD. A Clinician’s Guide to Nuclear Medicine. Reston: Society of Nuclear Medicine, 2000. • Introduction to Nuclear Cardiology (Third Edition). Du Pont Pharma ( a professional education service), 1993.

  47. References • University of Utah School of Medicine website, www.medstat.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg

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